A critical review on crystal structure mechanisms, microstructural and electrical performances of Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃—SrTiO₃ perovskites

The global demand for Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ (BNT) based perovskite materials with wide-ranging applications in the sensors, detectors, capacitors, random access memories, and environmental fields is on the increase. The Sr²⁺ doped BNT system has been extensively investigated in the past decade due to its excellent structural, electrical and microstructural applications. This review encompasses the fundamental state-of-the-art development of BNT-based ceramics, focusing on the underlying SrTiO₃ (ST) composition and enhanced crystal structure mechanisms. The diffuse phase transition related to the ferroelectric nature of the sample is specifically demonstrated. BNT-ST in various forms like single crystals, thin films, multi-layers, and polycrystals for enhanced piezoelectric and ferroelectric activities were discussed in detail. Finally, these systems' key challenges and future directions are also included. Indeed, this review will propagate more exhaustive research on non-toxic and cost-effective pathways to produce BNT-based components with dynamic properties, which can be applied in several industrial applications with outstanding performance.