8. Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Water Using Iron Oxide-Hydrogen Nanoparticles

Fluoride, a naturally occurring element, is released from rocks into the land, water, and air. The WHO recommends 1 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water as the ideal or recommended amount. An abundance of fluoride ions can cause dental/skeletal fluorosis, muscular and bone damage, chronicle issues, inhibit the photosynthesis process, and enzymatic and metabolic activities in aquatic organisms. Membrane filtration processes, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis are widely used treatment processes for the removal of fluoride; however, they are expensive and complex. The adsorption method is considered to be an effective technique because of the low operating costs, the capacity to hold metal ions at low concentrations, and the availability of a variety of adsorbents for treatment applications, which makes it an attractive option. If there are opposing anions present including chloride, iodide, and sulfate, then the iron oxide-hydroxide nanoparticles demonstrate their effectiveness as a repeatable and efficient adsorbent medium for defluoridating water. This chapter deals with adsorptive removal of fluoride removal using iron-based adsorption techniques and highlights different parameters affecting the performance of adsorption.