1 Introduction
2 Related work
Technique | Strength | Weakness |
---|---|---|
Design of integrated multimedia compression and encryption systems [15]. | 1) It provides high compression ratio. 2) It swaps HT branches, left and right, using the control key. | 1) Poor processing speed. 2) All the mutated trees generated by this approach were fixed in size. |
Joint compression and encryption using chaotically mutated Huffman trees [11]. | 1) It overcomes multiple codeword issues and enlarge the key space of [15]. 2) It controls the tree updates using the PRKG. | 1) Poor processing speed. 2) Vulnerable to known-plaintext attack. |
Securing Multimedia Transmission Using Optimized Multiple Huffman Tables Technique [13]. | 1) Optimized multiple HTs technique. 2) It overcomes the fixed size mutated trees issue by statistical model for generating the mutated tables. | 1) The length of the codewords obtained by the statistical model remained unchanged. 2) The resulting system was vulnerable to known-plaintext attack. |
A Chaos-based Joint Compression and Encryption Scheme Using Mutated Adaptive Huffman Tree [13]. | 1) Two chaotic functions were adopted to avoid known-plaintext attacks. | 1) It offers very poor compression and decompression efficiency. 2) Weak security issues. |
3 Preliminaries
3.1 Chaotic logistic map
3.2 Pseudorandom Keystream Generator based on CLM
3.3 Chaotic S-Box
4 The proposed work
4.1 Secure adaptive Huffman coding
4.1.1 Encoder
4.1.2 Decoder
5 Experiment analysis
5.1 Experiment design
5.2 Compression efficiency analysis
File | Compression techniques | Existing simultaneous compression and encryption techniques | Proposed technique | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | HC | CHT | CMAHT | SACE | ||
bib | 31.64 | 31.96 | 31.96 | 31.86 | 31.99 | 31.85 |
book1 | 40.76 | 40.46 | 40.46 | 40.41 | 40.03 | 40.41 |
book2 | 37.68 | 37.42 | 37.42 | 37.23 | 36.70 | 37.23 |
geo | 26.21 | 26.67 | 26.67 | 26.48 | 26.15 | 26.48 |
news | 32.91 | 32.68 | 32.68 | 32.47 | 31.81 | 32.47 |
obj1 | 18.80 | 22.07 | 22.07 | 18.45 | 19.41 | 18.45 |
obj2 | 19.56 | 19.48 | 19.48 | 16.83 | 18.46 | 16.84 |
paper1 | 33.62 | 34.65 | 34.65 | 33.79 | 33.57 | 33.82 |
paper2 | 38.91 | 39.41 | 39.41 | 39.10 | 38.79 | 39.10 |
paper3 | 37.20 | 38.51 | 38.51 | 38.19 | 37.57 | 38.19 |
paper4 | 31.06 | 36.47 | 36.47 | 36.01 | 36.19 | 36.02 |
paper5 | 27.46 | 33.46 | 33.46 | 32.42 | 32.86 | 32.42 |
paper6 | 32.50 | 34.10 | 34.10 | 32.60 | 33.31 | 32.69 |
pic | 81.20 | 77.34 | 77.34 | 76.90 | 77.65 | 76.91 |
progc | 30.56 | 32.12 | 32.12 | 31.30 | 31.41 | 31.35 |
progl | 36.30 | 37.01 | 37.01 | 36.01 | 36.01 | 36.03 |
progp | 34.51 | 35.70 | 35.70 | 34.98 | 36.85 | 34.98 |
trans | 27.33 | 27.71 | 27.71 | 26.69 | 27.59 | 26.73 |
5.3 Processing time analysis
File | Existing simultaneous compression and encryption techniques | Proposed technique | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CHT | CMAHT | SACE | ||
bib | 393.73 | 988.26 | 218.43 | 137.32 |
book1 | 998.53 | 1593.58 | 375.88 | 192.33 |
book2 | 303.96 | 744.48 | 272.00 | 125.12 |
geo | 150.24 | 29.08 | 47.14 | 28.69 |
news | 155.90 | 342.90 | 158.66 | 115.19 |
obj1 | 42.02 | 87.46 | 11.41 | 9.37 |
obj2 | 201.63 | 160.61 | 96.17 | 63.81 |
paper1 | 25.89 | 33.82 | 18.56 | 14.38 |
paper2 | 31.01 | 46.69 | 18.37 | 18.59 |
paper3 | 20.95 | 23.50 | 33.64 | 12.81 |
paper4 | 9.27 | 12.53 | 13.29 | 7.71 |
paper5 | 8.17 | 26.89 | 5.16 | 7.48 |
paper6 | 22.94 | 68.14 | 4.25 | 12.73 |
pic | 101.95 | 231.03 | 130.09 | 53.58 |
progc | 19.01 | 29.80 | 13.71 | 12.83 |
progl | 29.75 | 86.85 | 26.51 | 17.57 |
progp | 22.26 | 26.54 | 20.56 | 14.57 |
trans | 87.45 | 281.30 | 147.87 | 26.83 |
File | Existing simultaneous compression and encryption techniques | Proposed technique | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CHT | CMAHT | SACE | ||
bib | 194.51 | 488.22 | 266.75 | 172.29 |
book1 | 288.15 | 609.86 | 669.18 | 135.94 |
book2 | 211.77 | 518.67 | 472.08 | 99.39 |
geo | 43.87 | 8.49 | 92.44 | 27.57 |
news | 143.74 | 316.17 | 307.04 | 65.88 |
obj1 | 15.97 | 33.25 | 23.61 | 8.94 |
obj2 | 115.87 | 92.30 | 220.95 | 47.90 |
paper1 | 18.93 | 24.73 | 46.86 | 13.47 |
paper2 | 27.47 | 41.35 | 39.44 | 16.70 |
paper3 | 17.71 | 19.87 | 66.05 | 14.80 |
paper4 | 7.70 | 10.41 | 27.55 | 7.54 |
paper5 | 5.20 | 17.12 | 17.01 | 7.00 |
paper6 | 16.52 | 49.09 | 9.00 | 10.81 |
pic | 68.37 | 154.94 | 316.36 | 40.28 |
progc | 14.64 | 22.96 | 37.32 | 11.19 |
progl | 27.41 | 80.02 | 61.15 | 16.86 |
progp | 16.67 | 19.87 | 44.53 | 13.34 |
trans | 41.43 | 133.26 | 126.39 | 21.03 |
File | Compression techniques | Encryption technique | Sequential compression and encryption | Proposed technique | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | HC | AES | AC + AES | HC + AES | ||
bib | 135.39 | 126.76 | 332.54 | 281.71 | 319.84 | 137.32 |
book1 | 220.51 | 143.80 | 1127.45 | 1007.68 | 823.21 | 192.33 |
book2 | 165.81 | 92.53 | 894.76 | 747.89 | 703.13 | 125.12 |
geo | 26.07 | 43.30 | 174.85 | 170.45 | 160.64 | 28.69 |
news | 93.83 | 65.73 | 537.14 | 467.30 | 458.55 | 115.19 |
obj1 | 8.05 | 9.66 | 38.39 | 59.87 | 34.92 | 9.37 |
obj2 | 58.47 | 44.34 | 341.66 | 375.91 | 313.83 | 63.81 |
paper1 | 11.62 | 9.84 | 70.72 | 92.02 | 53.46 | 14.38 |
paper2 | 19.93 | 15.94 | 128.47 | 121.14 | 85.22 | 18.59 |
paper3 | 13.64 | 8.46 | 58.85 | 64.05 | 46.89 | 12.81 |
paper4 | 5.08 | 4.28 | 17.68 | 23.04 | 16.55 | 7.71 |
paper5 | 3.21 | 3.15 | 15.50 | 26.99 | 20.39 | 7.48 |
paper6 | 12.62 | 8.64 | 67.23 | 91.38 | 84.36 | 12.73 |
pic | 77.69 | 43.04 | 791.92 | 248.63 | 212.00 | 53.58 |
progc | 9.14 | 7.38 | 48.79 | 50.89 | 40.33 | 12.83 |
progl | 16.75 | 13.07 | 100.10 | 110.94 | 77.74 | 17.57 |
progp | 11.90 | 8.94 | 87.32 | 75.79 | 47.95 | 14.57 |
trans | 92.16 | 14.19 | 132.46 | 179.57 | 102.63 | 26.83 |
File | Compression techniques | Encryption technique | Sequential compression and encryption | Proposed technique | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | HC | AES | AC + AES | HC + AES | ||
bib | 115.38 | 74.98 | 405.93 | 290.44 | 286.42 | 172.29 |
book1 | 298.13 | 90.40 | 1806.12 | 1424.10 | 1169.79 | 135.94 |
book2 | 197.64 | 47.19 | 1480.98 | 1101.37 | 947.99 | 99.39 |
geo | 37.78 | 9.01 | 246.14 | 244.78 | 185.26 | 27.57 |
news | 127.66 | 63.98 | 852.26 | 729.25 | 669.72 | 65.88 |
obj1 | 11.00 | 4.60 | 49.73 | 49.34 | 46.85 | 8.94 |
obj2 | 90.71 | 48.40 | 588.10 | 551.81 | 531.43 | 47.90 |
paper1 | 17.65 | 4.32 | 121.88 | 100.96 | 81.18 | 13.47 |
paper2 | 26.03 | 6.79 | 224.20 | 140.99 | 135.36 | 16.70 |
paper3 | 15.24 | 3.80 | 99.81 | 90.41 | 71.07 | 14.80 |
paper4 | 7.53 | 3.25 | 30.73 | 27.33 | 25.58 | 7.54 |
paper5 | 4.14 | 1.39 | 27.42 | 32.04 | 25.82 | 7.00 |
paper6 | 21.11 | 4.54 | 131.73 | 90.22 | 110.73 | 10.81 |
pic | 155.76 | 13.92 | 1229.81 | 375.93 | 291.22 | 40.28 |
progc | 17.99 | 4.24 | 90.51 | 87.13 | 73.97 | 11.19 |
progl | 26.52 | 7.11 | 171.33 | 157.86 | 130.67 | 16.86 |
progp | 18.02 | 4.40 | 129.87 | 109.88 | 80.33 | 13.34 |
trans | 50.98 | 7.55 | 216.06 | 208.55 | 179.55 | 21.03 |
5.4 Security analysis
5.4.1 Key space analysis
5.4.2 Key and plaintext sensitivity
File | Key sensitivity | Plaintext sensitivity |
---|---|---|
bib | 50.1441 | 49.9049 |
book1 | 50.0791 | 49.5351 |
book2 | 50.0867 | 49.9958 |
geo | 50.1548 | 49.8277 |
news | 50.0735 | 50.0418 |
obj1 | 50.0528 | 49.9784 |
obj2 | 50.0699 | 49.4375 |
paper1 | 50.0761 | 49.5703 |
paper2 | 50.1109 | 49.9181 |
paper3 | 50.0765 | 50.4847 |
paper4 | 50.2837 | 49.9058 |
paper5 | 50.1851 | 50.609 |
paper6 | 50.0557 | 49.9222 |
pic | 50.1083 | 50.6542 |
progc | 50.0753 | 49.7119 |
progl | 50.0847 | 50.1187 |
progp | 50.0971 | 49.894 |
trans | 50.1198 | 50.0457 |
5.4.3 Randomness analysis of the proposed technique
Statistical test | Proposed technique | |
---|---|---|
p-value | Result | |
Frequency | 0.2474 | Success |
Block frequency | 0.6714 | Success |
Runs | 0.0167 | Success |
Long runs of one’s | 0.7697 | Success |
Binary Matrix Rank | 0.0270 | Success |
Spectral DFT | 0.1587 | Success |
No overlapping templates | 0.5340 | Success |
Overlapping templates | 0.5335 | Success |
Universal | 0.4365 | Success |
Linear complexity | 0.2796 | Success |
Serial | 0.9393 | Success |
Approximate entropy | 0.7847 | Success |
Cumulative sums | 0.2575 | Success |
Random excursions | 0.7 | Success |
Random excursions variant | 0.4425 | Success |