9. Applications of Nanoparticles for Microbial Contaminants and Pathogens Removal from Wastewater

Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, nanomaterial’s have drawn the attention of many scientists and researchers in various fields of environmental science, especially scientists and researchers in the field of ecological purity. Bioremediation offers a good cleaning strategy for certain types of waste. For example, bioremediation may not be the right strategy because of the high concentration of chemicals that are toxic to most microorganisms. These include heavy metals and salts. In addition, advances in science and technology have improved living standards and contributed directly or indirectly to more waste and toxic substances. Therefore, pollution remediation using current technology is neither effective nor effective in disinfecting the environment. For bioremediation, although the immobilization can enhance the wastewater treatment efficiency, the applications of immobilized pathogens are still confined to laboratory research. Usually, several pollutants may coexist in wastewater that will increase the difficulty of treatment; thereby obtaining more stable support for microbes is necessary. Moreover, various modified nanoparticles can be prepared and designed for improving the bioremediation. In addition, although the presence of nanoparticles can enhance the bioremediation performance of microorganisms at certain extent, the toxicity of nanoparticles can also be experimented. Therefore, nanomaterial’s can be used in bioremediation, not only have less toxic effects on microorganisms, but also improve the microbial activity of some wastes and toxic substances and shorten the overall time. And the total costs of this chapter summarize the main types of nanomaterial’s that have been used in the bioremediation of waste and toxins so far. Stabilization can improve wastewater treatment efficiency, but the use of inactive pathogens is limited to laboratory biological remediation studies. In general, several pollutants can be present in the wastewater at the same time, which makes their treatment difficult. That is why we need more stable support for microorganisms. In addition, modified or doped nanoparticles can be manufactured and developed to improve the biological process. The presence of nanoparticles can improve the bioremediation performance of microorganisms to a certain extent, but the toxicity of nanoparticles can also be felt. Thus, nanomaterial’s can be used in natural wastewater treatment, which not only toxic microorganisms, but also enhance the microbial exertion of some wastes and poisons, and reduce consumption and time.