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Erschienen in:
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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Automatic Control, Analog Computers, Robotics: The Concept of Feedback

verfasst von : Andrzej Piotr Wierzbicki

Erschienen in: Technen: Elements of Recent History of Information Technologies with Epistemological Conclusions

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The possibility of automatic control was known and used even in ancient times, see e.g. (Bennet 1979). James Watt improved the already existing, but prone to exploding steam engine by using a prototype of an automatic control system. This chapter discusses recent history and conceptual importance of automatic control, analog computers and robotics.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Telecommunication, Radio Broadcasting, Television
Nächstes Kapitel Digital Computers, Transistors and Integrated Circuits
Fußnoten
1
Quite different than the similar names open system and closed system used later to describe different concepts in the general systems theory: in the technical meaning introduced originally by Nyquist, a closed-loop system is an entire system with negative feedback, an open-loop system is the system after disconnecting the feedback.
 
2
Note a telling difference between the goals of the laboratory of artificial intelligence and the laboratory of servomechanisms at MIT: the former aims at constructing a fully intelligent machine while assuming that applications of such machine will be found in the future, the latter aims at the best utilization of the limited but already available intelligence of machines for contemporary automation of design and manufacturing. Both goals are noble, but both are related to serious dangers, more evident in the latter case, more hidden but perhaps bigger in the former case.
 
3
The principle of dynamic programming was rediscovered many times, under diverse names; e.g. a name popular today is dynamic back-casting.
 
4
The adjective technocratic, used very often as a negative epithet by humanist critics of technology, is thus used incorrectly, a-historically, since technocrats were great managers or technology brokers in the first half of the 20th century, not engineers.
 
5
How does it look like in comparison with the opinion of Karl Popper, who in (otherwise excellent) paper Three Views Concerning Human Knowledge (1956) maintained that technology does not use critical tests and does not abandon falsified solutions? However, Popper was a physicist, not a technician, did not know what technology is actually doing and believed that technology is a simple application of the results of hard science.
 
6
The same dependence was later called reflexivity relation by Soros (2006) who did not realize that this is much older, well practically and theoretically studied feedback relation.
 
7
Recourse is repeating an action over time, regress, repeating an action or reasoning backward in time or in depth of reasoning; in the automatic control theory (particularly in optimal control, where the principle of dynamic programming requires a combination of backward and forward direction of time) such concepts must be combined, both directions of time-flow must be considered.
 
8
Typical, but only for a system with inertial delays; for a system with pure time delay, as in Fig. 8.5, the start of the step response would be additionally delayed by the time Δ.
 
9
Naturally only approximately and in a simplified model; I agree with Soros (2006) that social phenomena are much more indeterminate than physical or technical phenomena. However, I disagree with his opinion that there are no regularities in social phenomena, because he introduced the concept of reflexivity relation without noting that it is actually feedback relation for which there exists a thorough, well developed theory. Regularities in social relations exist and can be described with approximate models, see e.g. a model of cyclic changes of supply of specialists in a given discipline, described below.
 
10
The description of the behaviour of young secondary school graduates in this example might appear too simplified, mechanistic. Indeed, a young graduate is sufficiently educated to use the description of this example in order to make a more informed decision. In order to do this, however, (s)he would have to (a) know and understand this description; (b) obtain additional information about the duration of the recent boom (or recession) on the market of specialists of a given specialty, such as management, hence when a next change of demand will occur. On the other hand, young graduates would most probably not have the information necessary to take such more informed decisions, hence the cyclic character of the supply of specialists on labour markets might be a systemic, unavoidable feature resulting from the delay in education; see Chap. 14 for further discussion.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Automatic Control, Analog Computers, Robotics: The Concept of Feedback
verfasst von
Andrzej Piotr Wierzbicki
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
Technen: Elements of Recent History of Information Technologies with Epistemological Conclusions

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09032-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-09033-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09033-7_8

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