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2023 | Buch

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BIM in Real Estate Operations

Application, Implementation, Digitalization Trends and Case Studies

herausgegeben von: Michael May, Markus Krämer, Maik Schlundt

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This reference book - not only for practitioners - deals with all facets and issues of the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in real estate operations and Facility Management (FM).Starting from the basics and advantages of BIM as well as its development, all areas in real estate operations are illuminated where BIM can be usefully applied. BIM and CAFM basics, modern digitization techniques, data standards and data exchange, as well as interoperability and aspects of the economic viability of BIM projects are explained in detail. The procedure for introducing BIM, application scenarios and concrete practical examples round off the work, as does a look at current research topics and future developments.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. The Built Environment, BIM and the FM Perspective

Abstract

In the introductory chapter, the importance of the construction, real estate and FM industry is explained in relation to the world economy, sustainability and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. These industries are all undergoing a digital revolution, with BIM being central to the digitalization of the built environment and the processes associated with it. Another important topic is the creation and further development of digital twins.

In order to overcome the challenges and exploit the potential benefits of BIM in operation, clients and facility managers as well as other stakeholders must be involved in the BIM process at an early stage. They should develop a clear BIM strategy ensuring that information requirements are aligned with the general corporate strategy. These requirements must be developed on the basis of the know-how of the operational FM teams.

In addition, there must be clear plans to transfer BIM data seamlessly to operational IT systems or to exchange them reliably with these systems based on suitable interfaces. This will help to ensure that data will be available throughout the life cycle of buildings for a variety of uses.

Simon Ashworth, Michael May

Chapter 2. Digitalization Trends in Real Estate Management

Abstract

Digitalization is an important, and in many cases the most important driver of innovation in industry. This also applies to the real estate industry and, in particular, to real estate and facility management (FM).

Established technologies such as CAFM work closely with modern digitalization trends such as IoT. In general where it is possible to adopt and use such IT-based technologies, the economic return on investment usually quickly follows. The main reason is these systems reduce time-consuming and error-prone transformation and coordination processes.

In this chapter, digitalization trends are presented, which are already important for the real estate and FM industry today, but even more in the future. These include CAFM/IWMS, BIM, Mobile and Cloud Computing, Augmented Reality, Big Data, IoT, AI, Digital Workplce and Simulation and Integration Techniques.

The chapter presents the diversity of these technologies and their development potentials.

Michael May, Thomas Bender, Joachim Hohmann, Erik Jaspers, Thomas Kalweit, Stefan Koch, Markus Krämer, Michael Marchionini, Maik Schlundt, Nino Turianskyj

Chapter 3. BIM Basics for Real Estate and Facility Managers

Abstract

This chapter presents the basic principles of a successful application of the BIM method from the perspective of facility management (FM). Starting from the development stages to the current understanding of BIM, the basics of CAFM systems are also introduced, as well as their scope of functions and typical challenges of CAFM projects in relation to the BIM method.

In order to answer the central question of the benefits of BIM for FM, important BIM application cases are considered along the individual operational phases, from commissioning, operation to renovation and end of life. This includes the consideration of economic, technical and above all organizational aspects. With the explanation of the principle of digital twins, the concepts of BIM, CAFM and IoT are linked to each other in order to use BIM models not only for the static description of buildings, but also in the context of dynamic building use for predictions of building behaviour and for the optimization of energy efficiency.

The implementation of the BIM method in FM and the understanding of BIM for facility managers in the planning and construction phase, is dealt with in the following section. For this purpose, basic definitions of the BIM method are presented, as well as different stages for the introduction of BIM using the BIM maturity model, and typical additional dimensions of BIM for the consideration of time, cost and operational view are presented.

In order to implement this practically, however, important basics of model-based data exchange must be taken into account. The different forms of using (open) or manufacturer-specific (closed) data formats for cooperation with BIM are explained and practical tips for the definition of asset information requirements (AIR) as a specification of requirements for BIM from the FM perspective are presented.

Markus Krämer, Thomas Bender, Joachim Hohmann, Erik Jaspers, Thomas Kalweit, Michael Marchionini, Michael May, Matthias Mosig

Chapter 4. IT Environments for BIM in FM

Abstract

The use of the BIM method as a driver of digitalization for the operation of real estate and facility management (FM) requires, in addition to the introduction of BIM-based processes, the implementation of a suitable IT environment. The chapter deals with the most important aspects required for this.

The starting point is the concept of the digital twin (Digital Twin), in which models are used as a virtual counterpart to the built, physical environment. The section focuses on the interaction of technologies and systems in the field of BIM, IoT, SCADA and CAFM.

In order to answer the question of which software tools help to implement the BIM method in BIM projects and the subsequent phase of real estate and FM operation, the chapter presents important BIM tools of the phases model creation, model management, quality assurance and model usage with the help of digital tool chains.

BIM authoring tools are used for model creation and differ depending on the discipline considered and the specific discipline models they generate. BIM authoring tools for the creation of architectural models, but also tools of the engineering disciplines such as building services engineering or structural engineering are therefore discussed. In order to coordinate these discipline models, BIM tools for coordination and model management such as project rooms, BIM servers and BIM platforms are described, which are supplemented by BIM tools for quality assurance. Further software tools for model usage in the field of project management, simulation, but also in CAFM conclude the presentation of BIM tools.

These tools must interact with each other in BIM projects, but also later in the phase of real estate and FM operation, preferably without information loss. The chapter explains common data environments (CDE) required for this. While BIM project rooms and BIM servers determine the implementation of a CDE in practice in the planning and construction phase, during real estate and FM operation the integration of CAFM and ERP systems with BIM is required. For this purpose, three integration scenarios are presented, which lead to an integrated asset information management system as a collaboration platform for operations.

Markus Krämer, Thomas Bender, Nancy Bock, Michael Härtig, Erik Jaspers, Stefan Koch, Marko Opić, Maik Schlundt

Chapter 5. Data Management and Data Exchange for BIM and FM

Abstract

The focus of this chapter is the data that is necessary for the application of BIM methodology in real estate and facility management (FM) operations.

The basics of data management are introduced. For example, it is discussed which type of data are needed. 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry are also suitable for data capturing of existing buildings.

For further processing and exchange of BIM data, various formats and methods have been developed. These and their use are also described.

Maik Schlundt, Thomas Bender, Nancy Bock, Michael Härtig, Markus Krämer, Michael May, Matthias Mosig, Marko Opić

Chapter 6. Economic Efficiency of BIM in FM

Abstract

The continuous further application of the BIM method also in the use phase of buildings often fails today due to the skepticism of FM and/or owner organizations about the economic benefits of BIM use, especially but not only for existing buildings.

In this chapter, the basic drivers for economic efficiency and the ROI of BIM use are first explained. This includes typical benefits of the BIM method in the planning, design and construction phase and presents the concept of “digital prototyping” and “digital lifecycle management”. This process-related view of benefits is supplemented by the quality- and resource-related view of value creation, with the advantages of the BIM method being presented by means of a low-threshold, early application of simulation methods, inter alia, with regard to the aspects of space and energy efficiency with practical examples. In the subsequent operational phase, benefits of BIM applications for reducing the process cycle times of important management processes, such as maintenance, are presented. For example, it is explained how BIM models can act as “enablers” for the use of innovative technologies such as augmented or mixed reality. Finally, examples are given of how external costs can be reduced by BIM, e.g. to avoid costs of on-site data capturing when exchanging service providers.

In the last section, a new approach to the evaluation of BIM benefits is proposed. The established approach of the balanced scorecard (BSC) is transferred to the evaluation of BIM benefits. Again, it must be noted that the BIM application is usually not justified solely by financial savings. Rather, a decision must also be made depending on qualitative benefits of BIM for customers, one’s own process organization or one’s own innovation capability. The chapter ends with the presentation of a five-step approach for the practical application of the BSC-based evaluation in the context of BIM use.

Markus Krämer, Thomas Bender, Matthias Mosig, Marco Opić

Chapter 7. BIM Implementation in RE and FM Organizations

Abstract

This chapter deals with how BIM can be successfully implemented in real estate (RE) and facility management (FM). For this purpose, the stakeholders are introduced with regard to data management. While BIM serves as the primary tool for planners and architects and having a great impact on decisions during the design and planning phase, questions about subsequent operations are usually only asked very late in the project. However, RE and FM works with the BIM data over the longest period of time and is key to maintenance of models and, in particular, digital twins.

Only by considering the specific requirements of RE and FM is it possible to have a holistic success of the BIM method.

BIM can already provide important data for RE and FM during construction and commissioning. In order to use BIM successfully in all FM processes, the execution of a BIM model as a digital twin is helpful. For further digitalization of real estate and facility management, the BIM model plays a significant role.

Maik Schlundt, Thomas Bender, Michael Härtig, Erik Jaspers, Marko Opić

Chapter 8. BIM in FM Applications

Abstract

Increasingly, real estate and facility managers are recognizing the value that using data from BIM models can provide during the operation of buildings. In response, CAFM software providers are making interfaces available to BIM software and exchanging data with these systems. This development was significantly promoted by the German Facility Management Association GEFMA by testing functions for exchanging BIM data as part of the certification of CAFM software in accordance with GEFMA guideline 444 since 2018. To date, about 70% of all certified systems have been able to successfully demonstrate the functions from the BIM catalog A15. This is an indication that BIM has arrived in the facility management (FM) sector. Here, the CAFM systems support both Open-BIM and Closed-BIM formats. However, some systems also interact directly with BIM authoring tools.

In addition, the advantages of collaboration between ERP and BIM are discussed. ERP systems preferably map the organization and processes, while BIM provides a digital image of the buildings. Advantages arise in particular where access to data from the BIM model or a digital twin is required or useful from the ERP system.

Finally, the advantage of using cooperative, often cloud-based platforms (in particular Common Data Environments) is discussed. The importance of standardized models for data exchange in the entire FM and real estate environment is pointed out. These platforms will in future offer the possibility of bringing data from heterogeneous IT ecosystems together centrally and evaluating them comprehensively.

Michael May, Nancy Bock, Michael Härtig, Joachim Hohmann, Markus Krämer, Bernd Limberger, Marko Opić

Chapter 9. BIM in Real Estate and Facility Management—Case Studies

Abstract

It is still not easy to find successful case studies for the use of BIM in real estate operations. The German GEFMA working group on digitalization has collected and processed practical examples in recent years so that 11 national and international BIM-FM projects can now be presented in this chapter. This includes such diverse application areas as: media, pharmaceuticals, banking, museum, technology park, energy supplier, airport, administration and municipality. These examples can be used to gain experience and knowledge as well as ideas for own BIM/FM projects. It is also possible to derive realistic requirements for a successful technical implementation.

Maik Schlundt, Simon Ashworth, Thomas Bender, Asbjörn Gärtner, Michael Härtig, Reiko Hinke, Markus Krämer, Michael May, Matthias Mosig

Chapter 10. BIM Perspectives in Real Estate Operations

Abstract

The chapter begins with a critical discussion of BIM in real estate (RE) operations. The number of product announcements, events and publications in the field of BIM far outweighs the number of implemented projects. The chapter shows what current and past research offers to remove existing obstacles to the use of BIM in RE operations.

Based on an overview of most important initiatives in the field of standardization, the chapter first introduces research activities for digitally capturing existing buildings. Approaches to (partially) automated processing of 3D point clouds from 3D laser scans or photogrammetric surveys for the creation of BIM models of existing buildings are presented (Scan2BIM). Another research area concerns the management of BIM models during the operational phase. Innovative approaches to Common Data Environments (CDE) for RE operations based on virtual linked data integration are explained as well as the development of open platforms for the selection and support of continuous, digital tool chains for BIM processes. In the field of visualization and virtual, augmented or mixed reality, first practical implementations are presented based on selected research initiatives.

BIM opens up new opportunities for using the facility manager’s know-how more easily within the planning phase. The section highlights research initiatives to develop assistance systems up to a framework for BIM-based knowledge management systems. It is also important to efficiently convey knowledge from RE operations and facility management (FM) to practitioners, trainees and students. For this purpose, new possibilities are presented using 3D gaming environments in so-called serious games.

Finally, the chapter addresses research focussing on sustainability, energy efficiency and CO₂ optimization. Approaches to the use of BIM for the simplified creation of ecological balance sheets with IFC-based building models are presented as well as the development of an open platform for the calculation and optimization of the CO₂ footprint of facility services in RE operations. Approaches to research and testing of future scenarios for smart buildings finalize the chapter.

Markus Krämer, Simon Ashworth, Michael Härtig, Michael May, Maik Schlundt

Chapter 11. Appendix 1: Checklist for Implementing BIM in FM

Abstract

This checklist contains the essential tasks for implementing BIM in facility management (FM). The contents described in this checklist are to be understood as a guideline and assistance and are intended to make a significant contribution to a successful BIM-in-FM implementation.

Thomas Bender, Matthias Mosig

Chapter 12. Appendix 2: Overview of Standardization Initiatives

Abstract

The initiatives listed in this appendix pursue the standardization of data or exchange formats in the BIM2FM environment with different approaches and degrees of intensity. This excerpt does not claim to be complete and is intended to serve as a guide. In addition, there are numerous other initiatives, such as from software vendors’ associations with very specific product standards.

Matthias Mosig, Marko Opić

Backmatter

Titel: BIM in Real Estate Operations
herausgegeben von: Michael May
Markus Krämer
Maik Schlundt
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-40830-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-40829-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40830-5