Introduction
Methods
Cancer-related symptoms
Psychological outcome measures
Analysis summary
Results
Descriptive statistics
Characteristics | N | % | Missing (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 13,097 | 100.0 | |
Age group, years | |||
< 55 | 89 | 0.7 | 3 (0.01%) |
55–64 | 1309 | 10.0 | |
65–74 | 5696 | 43.5 | |
75–84 | 5128 | 39.2 | |
85 + | 872 | 6.7 | |
Number of LTCs | |||
0 | 3192 | 24.4 | 0 |
1 | 4551 | 34.8 | |
2 | 2867 | 21.9 | |
3 | 1413 | 10.8 | |
4+ | 1074 | 8.2 | |
Stage | |||
I/II | 5276 | 46.2 | 1667 (12.7) |
III | 3441 | 30.1 | |
IV | 2713 | 23.7 | |
Employment | |||
Employed | 1729 | 13.6 | 362 (2.8) |
Unemployed | 275 | 2.2 | |
Retired | 10,679 | 83.9 | |
Other | 52 | 0.4 | |
Ethnicity | |||
White | 12,501 | 98.9 | 335 (2.6) |
Non-white | 261 | 2.1 | |
Marital/relationship status | |||
Married/civil partner | 10,321 | 79.6 | 126 (1.0) |
Separated/divorced | 882 | 6.8 | |
Widowed | 1142 | 8.8 | |
Single | 471 | 3.6 | |
Other | 155 | 1.2 | |
Deprivation | |||
1 least deprived | 3450 | 27.0 | 307 (2.3) |
2 | 3471 | 27.1 | |
3 | 2785 | 21.8 | |
4 | 1889 | 14.8 | |
5 most deprived | 1195 | 9.3 | |
Carer status | |||
No | 9536 | 75.6 | 486 (3.7) |
Yes | 3075 | 24.4 | |
Mental health help-seeking | |||
No | 10,643 | 83.4 | 328 (2.5) |
Yes | 2126 | 16.7 | |
BMI | |||
Under/healthy weight (0–25) | 3398 | 28.1 | 1015 (7.7) |
Overweight (25–30) | 5749 | 47.6 | |
Obese (30+) | 2935 | 24.3 | |
Nation | |||
England | 11,116 | 84.9 | 0 |
Wales | 949 | 7.3 | |
Scotland | 663 | 5.1 | |
NI | 369 | 2.8 | |
Treatment | |||
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone | 3116 | 23.8 | |
EBRT + ADT | 7488 | 57.2 | 0 |
Surgery + EBRT & ADT | 901 | 6.9 | |
Surgery + ADT | 581 | 4.4 | |
Systemic therapy + ADT (+/EBRT) | 1011 | 7.7 | |
Mobility | |||
No problem | 7280 | 56.1 | 130 (1.0) |
Some problems | 5687 | 43.9 | |
Self-care | |||
No problem | 10,707 | 82.4 | 101 (0.8) |
Some problems | 2289 | 18.0 | |
Usual activities | |||
No problem | 6990 | 53.9 | 127 (1.0) |
Some problems | 5980 | 46.1 | |
Pain/discomfort | |||
No problem | 6740 | 52.1 | 154 (1.2) |
Some problems | 6203 | 47.9 | |
Urinary bother | |||
No bother | 11,193 | 86.5 | 160 (1.2) |
Moderate/big bother | 1744 | 13.5 | |
Bowel bother | |||
No bother | 11,499 | 88.5 | 107 (0.8) |
Moderate/big bother | 1491 | 11.5 | |
Sexual bother | |||
No bother | 6541 | 54.7 | 1130 (8.6) |
Moderate/big bother | 5426 | 45.3 | |
Fatigue | |||
No fatigue | 7353 | 61.4 | 1125 (8.6) |
Fatigue | 4619 | 38.6 | |
SAH (mean, SD) | 74 | 18.6 | |
Mental well-being | |||
Well-being | 10,367 | 84.5 | 822 (6.3) |
Poor mental well-being | 1908 | 15.5 | |
Psychological distress | |||
No/mild distress | 11,681 | 93.4 | 590 (4.5) |
Severe psychological distress | 826 | 6.6 |
Cancer-related symptoms
Psychological outcomes
Sociodemographic and clinical variable analyses (core models; Table 2)
Characteristic | Poor mental well-being | Severe psychological distress | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable (core model) | Univariable | Multivariable (core model) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
Age, years | ||||
< 55 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
55–64 | 1.29 (0.74–2.26) | 1.16 (0.64–2.12) | 0.79 (0.43–1.42) | 0.60 (0.30–1.20) |
65–74 | 0.70 (0.40–1.20) | 0.86 (0.47–1.57) | 0.36 (0.20–0.64) | 0.37 (0.18–0.73) |
75–84 | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | 1.10 (0.60–2.04) | 0.31 (0.17–0.55) | 0.33 (0.16–0.67) |
85+ | 1.25 (0.71–2.19) | 1.54 (0.82–2.90) | 0.48 (0.26–0.91) | 0.53 (0.25–1.13) |
Number of LTCs | ||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.07 (0.92–1.23) | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) |
2 | 1.63 (1.41–1.90) | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) | 2.12 (1.66–2.70) | 1.90 (1.47–2.45) |
3 | 2.25 (1.89–2.66) | 2.00 (1.68–2.39) | 3.15 (2.43–4.08) | 2.74 (2.08–3.60) |
4+ | 3.06 (2.57–3.65) | 2.57 (2.13–3.10) | 5.93 (4.64–7.58) | 4.88 (3.76–6.33) |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Unemployed | 5.56 (4.20–7.36) | 3.34 (2.47–4.51) | 9.10 (6.53–12.68) | 4.37 (3.02–6.34) |
Retired | 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 1.29 (1.02–1.63) | 1.49 (1.12–1.97) |
Other | 3.16 (1.74–5.75) | 2.61 (1.40–4.87) | 2.36 (0.91–6.12) | 1.86 (0.67–5.12) |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Non-white | 1.23 (0.89–1.71) | 1.80 (1.20–2.69) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married/civil partner | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
Separated/divorced | 1.69 (1.43–201) | 1.38 (1.15–1.67) | 1.97 (1.57–2.47) | |
Widowed | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | 1.38 (1.16–1.64) | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | |
Single | 1.53 (1.19–1.95) | 1.26 (0.97–1.63) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | |
Other | 1.47 (0.97–2.87) | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | 1.66 (0.96–2.86) | |
Deprivation quintile | ||||
1 least deprived | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 1.18 (1.01–1.37) | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) |
3 | 1.25 (1.07–1.45) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.54 (1.24–1.93) | 1.39 (1.10–1.75) |
4 | 1.67 (1.42–2.96) | 1.45 (1.22–1.71) | 2.44 (1.95–3.06) | 1.94 (1.53–2.46) |
5 most deprived | 2.38 (1.98–2.87) | 1.87 (1.53–2.28) | 3.38 (2.67–4.28) | 2.29 (1.77–2.96) |
Carer status | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | ||
Mental health help-seeking | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.39 (2.13–2.68) | 2.17 (1.92–2.46) | 3.81 (3.27–4.43) | 3.13 (2.66–3.69) |
Stage | ||||
I/II | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
III | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) |
IV | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | 1.25 (1.04–1.49) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) |
BMI | ||||
< 25 under/healthy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–30 overweight | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) |
30+ obese | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | 1.16 (1.00–1.33) | 1.70 (1.39–2.08) | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) |
Nation | ||||
England | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Wales | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) | 1.36 (1.07–1.73) | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | |
Scotland | 1.25 (1.01–1.54) | 1.38 (1.04–1.84) | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | |
NI | 1.08 (0.80–1.45) | 1.34 (0.92–1.97) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) |
Cancer-related symptoms (final models; Table 3)
Symptoms and HRQL | Poor mental well-beinga | Severe psychological distressb |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Urinary bother | ||
No bother | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate/big bother | 2.89 (2.54–3.27)c | 3.69 (3.12–4.38) |
Bowel bother | ||
No bother | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate/big bother | 2.50 (2.20–2.85) | 3.68 (3.11–4.34) |
Sexual bother | ||
No bother | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate/big bother | 1.75 (1.57–1.95) | 2.71 (2.29–3.22) |
Fatigue | ||
No fatigue | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Fatigue | 3.77 (3.34–4.25) | 9.71 (7.73–12.19) |
Mobility | ||
No problems | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some problems | 2.98 (2.66–3.33) | 4.63 (3.82–5.63) |
Self-care | ||
No problems | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some problems | 3.98 (3.54–4.47) | 6.45 (5.41–7.69) |
Usual activities | ||
No problems | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some problems | 3.49 (3.09–3.94) | 6.53 (5.26–8.11) |
Pain/discomfort | ||
No problems | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some problems | 2.33 (2.09–2.60) | 3.74 (3.07–4.53) |
SAH | .95 (.95–.96) | .94 (.94–.95) |