nach oben

Wood Science and Technology

Erschienen in:

13.03.2022 | Original

Combustion behavior of furfurylated wood in the presence of montmorillonite and its char characteristics

verfasst von: Liangliang Zhang, Yangyang Ran, Yao Peng, Wang Wang, Jinzhen Cao

Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology | Ausgabe 2/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

To investigate the combustion behavior of furfurylated wood in the presence of montmorillonite (MMT) and its char properties, original, MMT-treated, furfuryl alcohol (FA)-treated (i.e., furfurylated), and MMT/FA-treated wood were pyrolyzed and carbonized using thermo-gravimetry and cone calorimeter, respectively. Results on thermal stability, gas emission, microstructure, surface area, porosity, and chemical components confirmed that MMT dramatically affected the pyrolysis features of both control and furfurylated wood, and increased the char yield due to the catalytic activity and barrier effect of the clay sheets. Furfurylated wood released massive carbon-containing compounds and heat during combustion, which supported burning. The flame retardancy index (FRI) values of MMT/FA-treated wood were increased by 65.6% compared with the furfurylated wood, suggesting that MMT inhibited the spreading of gases and heat and promoted the formation of protective char layer. MMT uniformly distributed in wood cell lumina, promoted the effective carbonization of cellulose, and restrained the formation of carbon gaseous species, thus exerting a pronounced effect on char formation. The microstructure and chemical composition of the char residue indicated that due to the acid catalysis and barrier property of MMT sheets and the wrap of furfuryl alcohol resin, the coherent surface and porous structure of the char residues with Si–O–C/C–Si structures dominated the char-forming process, which was conducive to the comprehensive utilization of modified wood waste.

Vorheriger Artikel On effective thermal properties of wood particles reinforced HDPE composites

Nächster Artikel Preparation and performance of electroless silver composite films based on micro-/nano-cellulose

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Alongi J, Camino G, Malucelli G (2013) Heating rate effect on char yield from cotton, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and blend fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 92:1327–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.029CrossRefPubMed

Benedetti V, Cordioli E, Patuzzi F, Baratieri M (2019) CO₂ adsorption study on pure and chemically activated chars derived from commercial biomass gasifiers. J CO₂ Util 33:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.05.008CrossRef

Bergaya F, Lagaly G (2013) Chapter 1—general introduction: clays, clay minerals, and clay science. In: Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds) Developments in clay science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–19

Bollmus S, Beeretz C, Militz H (2020) Tensile and impact bending properties of chemically modified scots pine. Forests 11:84CrossRef

Brassard P, Godbout S, Lévesque V, Palacios JH, Raghavan V, Ahmed A, Hogue R, Jeanne T, Verma M (2019) Biochar for soil amendment. In: Jeguirim M, Limousy L (eds) Char and carbon materials derived from biomass. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 109–146CrossRef

Bu Q, Lei HW, Qian M, Yadavalli G (2016) A thermal behavior and kinetics study of the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin. Rsc Adv 6:100700–100707. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22967kCrossRef

Buchelt B, Dietrich T, Wagenfuehr A (2012) Macroscopic and microscopic monitoring of swelling of beech wood after impregnation with furfuryl alcohol. Eur J Wood Prod 70:865–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0631-xCrossRef

Carosio F, Kochumalayil J, Cuttica F, Camino G, Berglund L (2015) Oriented clay nanopaper from biobased components—mechanisms for superior fire protection properties. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7:5847–5856. https://doi.org/10.1021/am509058hCrossRef

Chathurika JAS, Kumaragamage D, Zvomuya F, Akinremi OO, Flaten DN, Indraratne SP, Dandeniya WS (2016) Woodchip biochar with or without synthetic fertilizers affects soil properties and available phosphorus in two alkaline, chernozemic soils. Can J Soil Sci 96:472–484. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0094CrossRef

Chen RY, Xu XK, Lu SX, Zhang Y, Lo SM (2018) Pyrolysis study of waste phenolic fibre-reinforced plastic by thermogravimetry/Fourier transform infrared/mass spectrometry analysis. Energy Convers Manage 165:555–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.092CrossRef

Delhom CD, White-Ghoorahoo LA, Pang SS (2010) Development and characterization of cellulose/clay nanocomposites. Composites B Eng 41:475–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.10.007CrossRef

Ding W-D, Koubaa A, Chaala A, Tikou B, Krause C (2009) Relationship between wood porosity, wood density and methyl methacrylate impregnation rate. Wood Mater Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480270802607947CrossRef

Dong FQ, Guo YT, Liu MX, Zhou L, Zhou Q, Li HL (2018) Spectroscopic evidence and molecular simulation investigation of the bonding interaction between lysine and montmorillonite: implications for the distribution of soil organic nitrogen. Appl Clay Sci 159:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.020CrossRef

Fan ST, Gao X, Zhu DJ, Guo SC, Li Z (2021) Enhancement mechanism of the organic nano-montmorillonite and its effect on the properties of wood fiber/HDPE composite. Ind Crop Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113634CrossRef

Fitzer E, Schaefer W, Yamada S (1969) The formation of glasslike carbon by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol and phenolic resin. Carbon 7:643–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(69)90518-1CrossRef

Fu Q, Medina L, Li Y, Carosio F, Hajian A, Berglund LA (2017) Nanostructured wood hybrids for fire-retardancy prepared by clay impregnation into the cell wall. ACS Appl Mater Inter 9:36154–36163. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10008CrossRef

Gaefke CB, Botelho EC, Ferreira NG, Rezende MC (2007) Effect of furfuryl alcohol addition on the cure of furfuryl alcohol resin used in the glassy carbon manufacture. J Appl Polym Sci 106:2274–2281. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26938CrossRef

Ganesan SP, Bordoloi S, Ni JJ, Sizmur T, Garg A, Sekharan S (2020) Exploring implication of variation in biochar production on geotechnical properties of soil. Biomass Convers Bior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00847-2CrossRef

Gao LH, Goldfarb JL (2021) Characterization and adsorption applications of composite biochars of clay minerals and biomass. Environ Sci Pollut R 28:44277–44287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13858-xCrossRef

Guo XY, Liang B, Chen MH, He X, Xiao H, Zeng K, Zhou T, Hu JH, Yang G (2021) Study on pyrolysis behavior of bio-based adenine containing phthalonitrile resin obtained by powder metallurgy-like process. Polym Degrad Stab. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109569CrossRef

Hazarika A, Maji TK (2017) Properties of wood polymer nanocomposites impregnated with melamine formaldehyde-furfuryl alcohol copolymer and nanoclay. Cellul Chem Technol 51:363–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201600053CrossRef

Hu JW, Yan YP, Evrendilek F, Buyukada M, Liu JY (2019) Combustion behaviors of three bamboo residues: gas emission, kinetic, reaction mechanism and optimization patterns. J Clean Prod 235:549–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.324CrossRef

Hu X, Li MX, Yang J, Liu F, Huang H, Pan HF, Yang HY (2021) In situ fabrication of melamine hydroxy ethylidene diphosphonate wrapped montmorillonite for reducing the fire hazards of epoxy resin. Appl Clay Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105934CrossRef

Huang RH, Gao HM, Tang YJ, Liu QY (2011) Curing mechanism of furan resin modified with different agents and their thermal strength. China Foundry 8:161–165

Huang JL, Liu JY, Chen JC, Xie WM, Kuo JH, Lu XW, Chang KL, Wen ST, Sun G, Cai HM, Buyukada M, Evrendilek F (2018) Combustion behaviors of spent mushroom substrate using TG-MS and TG-FTIR: thermal conversion, kinetic, thermodynamic and emission analyses. Bioresour Technol 266:389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.106CrossRefPubMed

Jiang LQ, Zheng AQ, Meng JG, Wang XB, Zhao ZL, Li HB (2019) A comparative investigation of fast pyrolysis with enzymatic hydrolysis for fermentable sugars production from cellulose. Bioresour Technol 274:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.098CrossRefPubMed

Jin E, Chung YJ (2020) Fire risk assessment of cypress wood coated with metal oxide and metal silicate flame retardant using cone calorimeter. J Fire Sci 38:504–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120948215CrossRef

Kong LZ, Guan H, Wang XQ (2018) In situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in poplar wood for improved dimensional stability and flame retardancy. Acs Sustain Chem Eng 6:3349–3357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03518CrossRef

Lago BC, Silva CA, Melo LCA, Morais EG (2021) Predicting biochar cation exchange capacity using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square regression. Sci Total Environ 794:148762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148762CrossRefPubMed

Li LL, Wang XM, Yan Y, Ping LJ (2018) Pore analysis of thermally compressed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Holzforschung 72:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0083CrossRef

Li Y, Lv L, Wang W, Zhang J, Lin J, Zhou J, Dong M, Gan Y, Seok I, Guo Z (2020) Effects of chlorinated polyethylene and antimony trioxide on recycled polyvinyl chloride/acryl-butadiene-styrene blends: flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Polymer 190:122198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122198CrossRef

Lin CF, Karlsson O, Martinka J, Rantuch P, Garskaite E, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Sandberg D (2021) Approaching highly leaching-resistant fire-retardant wood by in situ polymerization with melamine formaldehyde resin. ACS Omega 6:12733–12745. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c01044CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liu HM, Yuan P, Liu D, Bu HL, Song HZ, Qin ZH, He HP (2018) Pyrolysis behaviors of organic matter (OM) with the same alkyl main chain but different functional groups in the presence of clay minerals. Appl Clay Sci 153:205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.028CrossRef

Losego MD, Blitz IP, Vaia RA, Cahill DG, Braun PV (2013) Ultralow thermal conductivity in organoclay nanolaminates synthesized via simple self-assembly. Nano Lett 13:2215–2219. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4007326CrossRefPubMed

Lu J, Yang YQ, Liu PX, Li Y, Huang F, Zeng LQ, Liang YZ, Li SY, Hou B (2020) Iron-montmorillonite treated corn straw biochar: interfacial chemical behavior and stability. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134773CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Medina L, Carosio F, Berglund LA (2019) Recyclable nanocomposite foams of poly(vinyl alcohol), clay and cellulose nanofibrils—mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Compos Sci Technol 182:107762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107762CrossRef

Murakami T, Suzuki Y, Nagasawa H, Yamamoto T, Koseki T, Hirose H, Okamoto S (2009) Combustion characteristics of sewage sludge in an incineration plant for energy recovery. Fuel Process Technol 90:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.03.003CrossRef

Narayanan DP, Gopalakrishnan A, Yaakob Z, Sugunan S, Narayanan BN (2020) A facile synthesis of clay - graphene oxide nanocomposite catalysts for solvent free multicomponent Biginelli reaction. Arab J Chem 13:318–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.04.011CrossRef

Neira-Velazquez MG, Ramos-deValle LF, Hernandez-Hernandez E, Ponce-Pedraza A, Solis-Rosales SG, Sanchez-Valdez S, Bartolo-Perez P, Gonzalez-Gonzalez VA (2011) Surface modification of nanoclays by plasma polymerization of ethylene. Plasma Processes Polym 8:842–849. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201000162CrossRef

Ozturk B, de-Luna-Bugallo A, Panaitescu E, Chiaramonti AN, Liu FZ, Vargas A, Jiang XP, Kharche N, Yavuzcetin O, Alnaji M, Ford MJ, Lok J, Zhao YY, King N, Dhar NK, Dubey M, Nayak SK, Sridhar S, Kar S (2015) Atomically thin layers of B-N-C-O with tunable composition. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500094CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Peng LM, Wang D, Fu F, Song BQ (2015) Analysis of wood pore characteristics with mercury intrusion porosimetry and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Wood Res 60:857–864

Plötze M, Niemz P (2011) Porosity and pore size distribution of different wood types as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Eur J Wood Prod 69:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0504-0CrossRef

Qiao XC, Ng BR, Tyrer M, Poon CS, Cheeseman CR (2008) Production of lightweight concrete using incinerator bottom ash. Conster Build Mater 22:473–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.013CrossRef

Qin GW, Wang YL, Dai X, Qin WL, Wu M, Zheng YZ (2019) Influence of clay minerals on oxidation reaction of light crude oil. Pet Sci Technol 37:566–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1555590CrossRef

Safar M, Lin BJ, Chen WH, Langauer D, Chang JS, Raclavska H, Petrissans A, Rousset P, Petrissans M (2019) Catalytic effects of potassium on biomass pyrolysis, combustion and torrefaction. Appl Energy 235:346–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.065CrossRef

Sandberg D, Kutnar A, Mantanis G (2017) Wood modification technologies—a review. Iforest 10:895–908. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2380-010CrossRef

Seyedlar RM, Imani M, Mirabedini SM (2018) Curing of polyfurfuryl alcohol resin catalyzed by a homologous series of dicarboxylic acid catalysts. II. Swelling behavior and thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45770CrossRef

Shen X, Jiang P, Guo D, Li G, Chu F, Yang S (2021) Effect of furfurylation on hierarchical porous structure of poplar wood. Polymers 13:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010032CrossRef

Shimizu KI, Higuchi T, Takasugi E, Hatamachi T, Kodamab T, Satsuma A (2008) Characterization of Lewis acidity of cation-exchanged montmorillonite K-10 clay as effective heterogeneous catalyst for acetylation of alcohol. J Mol Catal A Chem 284:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2008.01.013CrossRef

Skrede I, Solbakken MH, Hess J, Fossdal CG, Hegnar O, Alfredsen G (2019) Wood modification by furfuryl alcohol resulted in a delayed decomposition response in Rhodonia (Postia) placenta. Appl Environ Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00338-19CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Smith M, Scudiero L, Espinal J, McEwen JS, Garcia-Perez M (2016) Improving the deconvolution and interpretation of XPS spectra from chars by ab initio calculations. Carbon 110:155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.09.012CrossRef

Smith MW, Pecha B, Helms G, Scudiero L, Garcia-Perez M (2017) Chemical and morphological evaluation of chars produced from primary biomass constituents: cellulose, xylan, and lignin. Biomass Bioenergy 104:17–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.05.015CrossRef

Soares S, Camino G, Levchik S (1995) Comparative study of the thermal decomposition of pure cellulose and pulp paper. Polym Degrad Stab 49:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)87009-1CrossRef

Sun C, Li CX, Tan HY, Zhang YH (2019) Synergistic effects of wood fiber and polylactic acid during co-pyrolysis using TG-FTIR-MS and Py-GC/MS. Energy Convers Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112212CrossRef

Tian LH, Shen BX, Xu H, Li FK, Wang YY, Singh S (2016) Thermal behavior of waste tea pyrolysis by TG-FTIR analysis. Energy 103:533–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.022CrossRef

Vahabi H, Kandola BK, Saeb MR (2019) Flame retardancy index for thermoplastic composites. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030407CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang Y, Deng LY, Xiao ZH, Li XJ, Fan YH, Li CZ (2019a) Preparation and properties of bamboo/polymer composites enhanced by in situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol. Mater Express 9:712–722. https://doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1550CrossRef

Wang T, Hou HB, Ye Y, Rong H, Li JP, Xue YJ (2019b) Combustion behavior of refuse-derived fuel produced from sewage sludge and rice husk/wood sawdust using thermogravimetric and mass spectrometric analyses. J Clean Prod 222:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.016CrossRef

Wang ZY, Qu LJ, Qian J, He ZB, Yi SL (2019c) Effects of the ultrasound-assisted pretreatments using borax and sodium hydroxide on the physicochemical properties of Chinese fir. Ultrason Sonochem 50:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.017CrossRefPubMed

Weber K, Quicker P (2018) Properties of biochar. Fuel 217:240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054CrossRef

Xie Y, Xu J, Militz H, Wang F, Wang Q, Mai C, Xiao Z (2016) Thermo-oxidative decomposition and combustion behavior of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood modified with phenol- and melamine-formaldehyde resins. Wood Sci Technol 50:1125–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-016-0857-6CrossRef

Yan QG, Li JH, Cai ZY (2020) Preparation and characterization of chars and activated carbons from wood wastes. Carbon Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00205-2CrossRef

Yang HP, Yan R, Chen HP, Lee DH, Zheng CG (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013CrossRef

Yang TT, Cao JZ, Ma EN (2019) How does delignification influence the furfurylation of wood? Ind Crop Prod 135:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.019CrossRef

Yue K, Cheng XC, Chen ZJ, Tang LJ, Liu WQ (2018) Investigation of decay resistance of poplar wood impregnated with alkaline copper, urea-formaldehyde, and phenol-formaldehyde resins. Wood Fiber Sci 50:392–401. https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2018-051CrossRef

Zhang LL, Cao JZ (2019) Pyrolysis and its mechanism of organomontmorillonite (OMMT) influenced by different functional groups. J Therm Anal Calorim 137:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7947-7CrossRef

Zhang Y, He ZB, Xue L, Chu DM, Mu J (2016) Influence of a urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive on pyrolysis characteristics and volatiles emission of poplar particleboard. Rsc Adv 6:12850–12861. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra18068fCrossRef

Zhang SD, Chen ZR, Ding MY, Yang TT, Wang MZ (2020) Reducing the fire toxicity of wood composites using hierarchically porous 4A (H4A) zeolite modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP) synthesized by a facile in-situ method. Conster Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120754CrossRef

Zhang LL, Wang W, Chen JY, Cao JZ (2021a) Dimensional stability and decay resistance of clay treated, furfurylated, and clay-reinforced furfurylated poplar wood. Holzforschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021a-0110CrossRef

Zhang LL, Xu JS, Shen HY, Xu JQ, Cao JZ (2021b) Montmorillonite-catalyzed furfurylated wood for flame retardancy. Fire Saf J 121:103297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103297CrossRef

Zhao Y, Yi H, Jia F, Li H, Peng C, Song S (2017) A novel method for determining the thickness of hydration shells on nanosheets: a case of montmorillonite in water. Powder Technol 306:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.10.045CrossRef

Zhong YH, Jiang CC, Ruan MZ, Chen Y, Wu W (2016) Preparation, thermal, and flammability of halogen-free flame retarding thermoplastic poly(ether-ester) elastomer/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym Compos 37:700–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23227CrossRef

Titel: Combustion behavior of furfurylated wood in the presence of montmorillonite and its char characteristics
verfasst von: Liangliang Zhang
Yangyang Ran
Yao Peng
Wang Wang
Jinzhen Cao
Publikationsdatum: 13.03.2022
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology / Ausgabe 2/2022
Print ISSN: 0043-7719
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-5225
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01369-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2022

Toriti, Magali; Durand, Aline & Fohrer, Fabien: Traces of common Xylophagous insects in wood. Atlas of identification—Western Europe

Preparation and performance of electroless silver composite films based on micro-/nano-cellulose

Dietrich Fengel (15 September 1931–14 November 2021)

Hydrothermal hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose from birch wood catalyzed by Al2O3-B2O3 mixed oxides

A highly transparent compressed wood prepared by cell wall densification

From inside to outside: CT scanning as a tool to link internal knot structure and external branch diameter as a prerequisite for quality assessment