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Logica Universalis
Erschienen in: Logica Universalis 4/2019

22.11.2019

Counterpossibles and Normal Defaults in the Filioque Controversy

verfasst von: Jacob Archambault

Erschienen in: Logica Universalis | Ausgabe 4/2019

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Abstract

A counterpossible conditional, or counterpossible for short, is a conditional proposition whose antecedent is impossible. The filioque doctrine is a dogma of western Christian Trinitarian theology according to which the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. The filioque doctrine was the principal theological reason for the Great Schism, the split between Eastern Orthodoxy and western Christianity, which continues today. In the paper, I review one of the earliest medieval defenses of the doctrine in Anselm of Canterbury, and I show that Anselm’s treatment of counterpossible conditionals concerning the procession of the spirit from the son in Trinitarian theology represent an early foray into default logic. Thus, the mutual estrangement of eastern and western positions on the matter may not lie fundamentally in a change in dogma, but rather in a change in logic.
Vorheriger Artikel The Talmudic Logic Project, Ongoing Since 2008
Nächster Artikel Non-monotonic Logic and the Compatibility of Science and Religion

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Fußnoten
1
[8, 10, par. 32], [9, 128–129, par. 70], [25, pp. 61, 248], [26, III. 3. 38, pp. 727–731], [13, I. 8, 1st conclusion]. For a recent defense, see [27]. Williamson’s position is critiqued in [4].
 
2
At the time of the Arian controversy, it was commonly accepted that the Christ had existed prior to being conceived and born of a Virgin, but rather had an existence as the word of God. Arianism represented an early attempt to make sense of the relation of the Father to the Son prior to the latter’s being incarnated in the flesh. Arianism held that Christ was less than divine, and akin to a kind of Platonic demi-urge, a created being who nevertheless served as a ruling intermediary between God and lower beings. Its distinctive theses were that Christ was of a like essence (homoiousios) to the Father; and that the Christ was a created being. Hence, though Christ existed prior to being incarnate, there was nevertheless a time when Christ did not exist.
 
3
[1, ch. 57]. What is perhaps more notable is that there, Anselm appears to treat the doctrine as one derivable from reason alone.
 
4
For introductions to non-monotonic reasoning, see [12, 15, 20, 23], and the collections in [7, 21]. For non-monotonic reasoning in Anselm, see [3].
 
5
I am here taking procession in the generic sense of being from, which encompasses both spiration and filiation as more specific types.
 
6
See [2, 470-471].
 
7
Note the use here of a limited version of the principle of the Indiscernibility of Identicals - i.e. that (divine) persons identical (in nature) share the same predicates (excepting those connoting their constitutive relations to each other).
 
8
If one were to remove the premise of the Son and Spirit’s non-identity from the premise set, a third extension, on which the Spirit is identical to the Son, would also be possible. Thomas Aquinas will use this possibility to advance the claim that if the Holy Spirit does not proceed from the Son, the Spirit is not distinct from the Son. Anselm, by contrast, assumes that the differences in mode of procession are sufficient to distinguish the persons from each other. Cf. [24, Bk. I, d. 11, q. 1, a. 2]. Anselm is later followed in his position by Henry of Ghent. See [10, V, q. 9]; [16].
 
9
See [19, Part 1, par. 6].
 
10
To avoid this consequence, Anselm posits a primitive distinction between these qualities of begetting and spiration: ‘The Son and the Holy Spirit exist from the Father - but in different ways. the one by being begotten, and the other by proceeding, so that for this reason they are distinct from each other’ [2, 474]. Given, however, the common assumption that divine operations are not distinct from the divine essence, and hence neither are they distinct from each other, this reply seems less than promising.
 
11
This criterion ultimately goes back to Aristotle. For discussion, see [5].
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Counterpossibles and Normal Defaults in the Filioque Controversy
verfasst von
Jacob Archambault
Publikationsdatum
22.11.2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Logica Universalis / Ausgabe 4/2019
Print ISSN: 1661-8297
Elektronische ISSN: 1661-8300
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-019-00229-x

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