Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Critical Challenges for the Visual Representation of Deep Neural Networks

verfasst von : Kieran Browne, Ben Swift, Henry Gardner

Erschienen in: Human and Machine Learning

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Artificial neural networks have proved successful in a broad range of applications over the last decade. However, there remain significant concerns about their interpretability. Visual representation is one way researchers are attempting to make sense of these models and their behaviour. The representation of neural networks raises questions which cross disciplinary boundaries. This chapter draws on a growing collection of interdisciplinary scholarship regarding neural networks. We present six case studies in the visual representation of neural networks and examine the particular representational challenges posed by these algorithms. Finally we summarise the ideas raised in the case studies as a set of takeaways for researchers engaging in this area.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv:1409.0473 (2014) Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv:​1409.​0473 (2014)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bastian, M., Heymann, S., Jacomy, M.: Others: Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. Icwsm 8, 361–362 (2009) Bastian, M., Heymann, S., Jacomy, M.: Others: Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. Icwsm 8, 361–362 (2009)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bengio, Y.: Learning deep architectures for AI. Found. Trends Mach. Learn. 2(1), 1–127 (2009)CrossRef Bengio, Y.: Learning deep architectures for AI. Found. Trends Mach. Learn. 2(1), 1–127 (2009)CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Benitez, J., Castro, J., Requena, I.: Are artificial neural networks black boxes? IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 8(5), 1156–1164 (1997)CrossRef Benitez, J., Castro, J., Requena, I.: Are artificial neural networks black boxes? IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 8(5), 1156–1164 (1997)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Burrell, J.: How the machine thinks’: understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data Soc. 3(1) (2016)CrossRef Burrell, J.: How the machine thinks’: understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data Soc. 3(1) (2016)CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Craven, M.W., Shavlik, J.W.: Visualizing learning and computation in artificial neural networks. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools 1(3), 399–425 (1992)CrossRef Craven, M.W., Shavlik, J.W.: Visualizing learning and computation in artificial neural networks. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools 1(3), 399–425 (1992)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Duch, W.: Coloring black boxes: visualization of neural network decisions. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 3, pp. 1735–1740. IEEE (2003) Duch, W.: Coloring black boxes: visualization of neural network decisions. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 3, pp. 1735–1740. IEEE (2003)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., Mazzone, M.: CAN: creative adversarial networks, generating “Art” by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv:1706.07068 (2017) Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., Mazzone, M.: CAN: creative adversarial networks, generating “Art” by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv:​1706.​07068 (2017)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., White, H.: Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Netw. 2(5), 359–366 (1989)CrossRef Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., White, H.: Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Netw. 2(5), 359–366 (1989)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Isola, P., Zhu, J.Y., Zhou, T., Efros, A.A.: Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. arXiv:1611.07004 (2016) Isola, P., Zhu, J.Y., Zhou, T., Efros, A.A.: Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. arXiv:​1611.​07004 (2016)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25(NIPS2012), 1–9 (2012) Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25(NIPS2012), 1–9 (2012)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Längkvist, M., Karlsson, L., Loutfi, A.: A review of unsupervised feature learning and deep learning for time-series modeling. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 42, 11–24 (2014)CrossRef Längkvist, M., Karlsson, L., Loutfi, A.: A review of unsupervised feature learning and deep learning for time-series modeling. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 42, 11–24 (2014)CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Le, Q.V.: Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 8595–8598. IEEE (2013) Le, Q.V.: Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 8595–8598. IEEE (2013)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., Graves, A., Antonoglou, I., Wierstra, D., Riedmiller, M.: Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv:1312.5602 (2013) Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., Graves, A., Antonoglou, I., Wierstra, D., Riedmiller, M.: Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv:​1312.​5602 (2013)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen, A., Yosinski, J., Clune, J.: Deep neural networks are easily fooled: high confidence predictions for unrecognizable images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 427–436 (2015) Nguyen, A., Yosinski, J., Clune, J.: Deep neural networks are easily fooled: high confidence predictions for unrecognizable images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 427–436 (2015)
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Olden, J.D., Jackson, D.A.: Illuminating the "black box": a randomization approach for understanding variable contributions in artificial neural networks. Ecol. Model. 154(1–2), 135–150 (2002)CrossRef Olden, J.D., Jackson, D.A.: Illuminating the "black box": a randomization approach for understanding variable contributions in artificial neural networks. Ecol. Model. 154(1–2), 135–150 (2002)CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Özesmi, S.L., Özesmi, U.: An artificial neural network approach to spatial habitat modelling with interspecific interaction. Ecol. Model. 116(1), 15–31 (1999)CrossRef Özesmi, S.L., Özesmi, U.: An artificial neural network approach to spatial habitat modelling with interspecific interaction. Ecol. Model. 116(1), 15–31 (1999)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenblatt, F.: Principles of neurodynamics: perceptrons and the theory of brain mechanics. Spartan Book (1962) Rosenblatt, F.: Principles of neurodynamics: perceptrons and the theory of brain mechanics. Spartan Book (1962)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Sainath, T.N., Vinyals, O., Senior, A., Sak, H.: Convolutional, long short-term memory, fully connected deep neural networks. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4580–4584. IEEE (2015) Sainath, T.N., Vinyals, O., Senior, A., Sak, H.: Convolutional, long short-term memory, fully connected deep neural networks. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4580–4584. IEEE (2015)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Simonyan, K., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep inside convolutional networks: visualising image classification models and saliency maps. CoRR arXiv:1312.6034 (2013) Simonyan, K., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep inside convolutional networks: visualising image classification models and saliency maps. CoRR arXiv:​1312.​6034 (2013)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley, K.O.: Compositional pattern producing networks: a novel abstraction of development. Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach. 8(2), 131–162 (2007)CrossRef Stanley, K.O.: Compositional pattern producing networks: a novel abstraction of development. Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach. 8(2), 131–162 (2007)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Streeter, M., Ward, M., Alvarez, S.A.: NVIS: an interactive visualization tool for neural networks. In: Proceedings of Visual Data Exploration and Analysis Conference (2001) Streeter, M., Ward, M., Alvarez, S.A.: NVIS: an interactive visualization tool for neural networks. In: Proceedings of Visual Data Exploration and Analysis Conference (2001)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sussillo, D., Barak, O.: Opening the black box: low-dimensional dynamics in high-dimensional recurrent neural networks. Neural Comput. 25(3), 626–49 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRef Sussillo, D., Barak, O.: Opening the black box: low-dimensional dynamics in high-dimensional recurrent neural networks. Neural Comput. 25(3), 626–49 (2013)MathSciNetCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tzeng, F.Y., Ma, K.L.: Opening the black box-data driven visualization of neural networks. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005, 383–390 (2005) Tzeng, F.Y., Ma, K.L.: Opening the black box-data driven visualization of neural networks. Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005, 383–390 (2005)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Zahavy, T., Ben-Zrihem, N., Mannor, S.: Graying the black box: understanding DQNS. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1899–1908 (2016) Zahavy, T., Ben-Zrihem, N., Mannor, S.: Graying the black box: understanding DQNS. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1899–1908 (2016)
Metadaten
Titel
Critical Challenges for the Visual Representation of Deep Neural Networks
verfasst von
Kieran Browne
Ben Swift
Henry Gardner
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90403-0_7

Neuer Inhalt