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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Current International Law Relating to Site Contamination

verfasst von : Elizabeth Brandon

Erschienen in: Global Approaches to Site Contamination Law

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

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Abstract

This chapter contains a detailed review of international, regional and bilateral law of relevance to site contamination, whilst noting that no binding international instrument exists on the issue. There is a particular focus on legal and policy developments in the areas of environmental protection, soil protection, chemicals and hazardous waste, state responsibility and civil liability. Comparisons and lessons are drawn from this review so as to inform the discussion of a possible international approach to site contamination in later chapters.

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Zurück zum Zitat Association of South East Asian Nations Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, opened for signature 9 July 1985, 15 EPL 64 (1985) (not yet in force) Association of South East Asian Nations Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, opened for signature 9 July 1985, 15 EPL 64 (1985) (not yet in force)
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Zurück zum Zitat Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 5 June 1992, 1993 UNTS 143 (entry into force 29 December 1993) Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 5 June 1992, 1993 UNTS 143 (entry into force 29 December 1993)
Zurück zum Zitat Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, opened for signature 17 March 1992, 1936 UNTS 269 (entry into force 6 October 1996) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, opened for signature 17 March 1992, 1936 UNTS 269 (entry into force 6 October 1996)
Zurück zum Zitat Convention on the Protection of the Rhine, opened for signature 12 April 1999, OJ L 289/31 (entry into force 1 January 2003) Convention on the Protection of the Rhine, opened for signature 12 April 1999, OJ L 289/31 (entry into force 1 January 2003)
Zurück zum Zitat Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, opened for signature 17 June 1994, 1954 UNTS 3 (entry into force 26 December 1996) Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, opened for signature 17 June 1994, 1954 UNTS 3 (entry into force 26 December 1996)
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers) (1972) European Soil Charter. Res. (72) 19 (30 May 1972) Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers) (1972) European Soil Charter. Res. (72) 19 (30 May 1972)
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (1991) Convention on the Protection of the Alps Council of Europe (1991) Convention on the Protection of the Alps
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (1992) Recommendation on soil protection. Rec. 92(8) (18 May 1992) Council of Europe (1992) Recommendation on soil protection. Rec. 92(8) (18 May 1992)
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (1993) Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment. Opened for signature on 21 June 1993, 32 ILM 1228 (1993) (not yet in force) Council of Europe (1993) Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment. Opened for signature on 21 June 1993, 32 ILM 1228 (1993) (not yet in force)
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (1998) Protocol on the Implementation of the Alpine Convention of 1991in the field of Soil Conservation. OJ L 337/29 of 22.12.2005 Council of Europe (1998) Protocol on the Implementation of the Alpine Convention of 1991in the field of Soil Conservation. OJ L 337/29 of 22.12.2005
Zurück zum Zitat Council of Europe (2003) Draft European Charter on general principles for the protection of the environment and sustainable development, CO-DBP (2003) 2 Council of Europe (2003) Draft European Charter on general principles for the protection of the environment and sustainable development, CO-DBP (2003) 2
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2007a) Common position adopted by the Council on 20 December 2007 with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain directives, Doc 11406/4/07 Council of the European Union (2007a) Common position adopted by the Council on 20 December 2007 with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain directives, Doc 11406/4/07
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2007b) Note from the Netherlands Government to the Council. (20 February 2007) 2006/0086 (COD) Council of the European Union (2007b) Note from the Netherlands Government to the Council. (20 February 2007) 2006/0086 (COD)
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2008a) Note from the Presidency to the Delegations. Doc No 13011/08, 15 September 2008 Council of the European Union (2008a) Note from the Presidency to the Delegations. Doc No 13011/08, 15 September 2008
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2008b) Note from the Presidency to the Delegations. Doc No 16783/1/08, 22 December 2008 Council of the European Union (2008b) Note from the Presidency to the Delegations. Doc No 16783/1/08, 22 December 2008
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2009a) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 5505/09, 19 January 2009 Council of the European Union (2009a) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 5505/09, 19 January 2009
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2009b) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 7642/1/09, 22 April 2009 Council of the European Union (2009b) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 7642/1/09, 22 April 2009
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2010a) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 5772/10, 29 January 2010 Council of the European Union (2010a) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—presidency proposal. Doc No 5772/10, 29 January 2010
Zurück zum Zitat Council of the European Union (2010b) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—progress report. Doc No 7100/10, 10 March 2010 Council of the European Union (2010b) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil—progress report. Doc No 7100/10, 10 March 2010
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 1996/61/EC on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control [1996] OJ L 257/26 (now codified through Directive 2008/1/EC, OJ L 24/8) Directive 1996/61/EC on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control [1996] OJ L 257/26 (now codified through Directive 2008/1/EC, OJ L 24/8)
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 1999/31/EC on the Landfill of Waste [1999] OJ L 182/1 Directive 1999/31/EC on the Landfill of Waste [1999] OJ L 182/1
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy [2000] OJ L 327/1; [2001] OJ L 331/1; 2008 ([2008] OJ L 81/60 and [2008] OJ L 348/84 Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy [2000] OJ L 327/1; [2001] OJ L 331/1; 2008 ([2008] OJ L 81/60 and [2008] OJ L 348/84
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage [2004] OJ L 143/56-75 Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage [2004] OJ L 143/56-75
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 2006/118/EC on the Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration [2006] OJ L 372/19 Directive 2006/118/EC on the Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration [2006] OJ L 372/19
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives [2008] OJ L 312/3 Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives [2008] OJ L 312/3
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission (2002) Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection. COM (2002) 179 final European Commission (2002) Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection. COM (2002) 179 final
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission (2006a) Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil. COM (2006) 232 final European Commission (2006a) Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil. COM (2006) 232 final
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission (2006b) Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. COM (2006) 231 final European Commission (2006b) Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. COM (2006) 231 final
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission (2008) Conference on Soil and Climate Change. Brussels, 12 June 2008 European Commission (2008) Conference on Soil and Climate Change. Brussels, 12 June 2008
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission (2012) The implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy and ongoing activities. 13 February European Commission (2012) The implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy and ongoing activities. 13 February
Zurück zum Zitat European Parliament (2007a) Draft opinion of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. (12 April 2007) 2006/0086(COD) European Parliament (2007a) Draft opinion of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. (12 April 2007) 2006/0086(COD)
Zurück zum Zitat European Parliament (2007b) Resolution 1.22.2. Bulletin, EU 11–2007 (13 November 2007) European Parliament (2007b) Resolution 1.22.2. Bulletin, EU 11–2007 (13 November 2007)
Zurück zum Zitat European Parliament/Council of Europe (2002) Decision No. 1600/2002/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme. OJ L 242/1 European Parliament/Council of Europe (2002) Decision No. 1600/2002/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme. OJ L 242/1
Zurück zum Zitat Exchange of Notes between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America Constituting an Agreement with Respect to Environmental Issues, signed 7 October 1996, CTS 1996 No 35 Exchange of Notes between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America Constituting an Agreement with Respect to Environmental Issues, signed 7 October 1996, CTS 1996 No 35
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1981) World Soil Charter. 21 FAO Conf. Res. 8/81 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1981) World Soil Charter. 21 FAO Conf. Res. 8/81
Zurück zum Zitat Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the State Environmental Protection Administration of the People's Republic of China on Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Environment, signed 8 December 2003 Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the State Environmental Protection Administration of the People's Republic of China on Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Environment, signed 8 December 2003
Zurück zum Zitat North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, opened for signature 14 September 1993, 32 ILM 1482 (1993) (entry into force 1 January 1994) North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, opened for signature 14 September 1993, 32 ILM 1482 (1993) (entry into force 1 January 1994)
Zurück zum Zitat Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (1972) Recommendation of the OECD Council on guiding principles concerning international economic aspects of environmental policies. C(72)128 (1972) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (1972) Recommendation of the OECD Council on guiding principles concerning international economic aspects of environmental policies. C(72)128 (1972)
Zurück zum Zitat Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (1989) Recommendation by the Council concerning the application of the polluter-pays principle to accidental pollution. C(89)88/Final (1989) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (1989) Recommendation by the Council concerning the application of the polluter-pays principle to accidental pollution. C(89)88/Final (1989)
Zurück zum Zitat Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (2002) The polluter-pays principle as it relates to international trade. COM/ENV/TD(2001)44/FINAL (2002) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (2002) The polluter-pays principle as it relates to international trade. COM/ENV/TD(2001)44/FINAL (2002)
Zurück zum Zitat Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, opened for signature 22 June 1993, ILO Convention No 174 (entry into force 3 January 1996) Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, opened for signature 22 June 1993, ILO Convention No 174 (entry into force 3 January 1996)
Zurück zum Zitat Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, concluded on 10 December 1999, UN Doc UNEP/CHW.1/WG/1/9/2 (not yet in force) Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, concluded on 10 December 1999, UN Doc UNEP/CHW.1/WG/1/9/2 (not yet in force)
Zurück zum Zitat Protocol (to the Helsinki Convention) on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters, opened for signature 21 May 2003, Doc MP.WAT/2003/1, CP.TEIA/2003/3 (not yet in force) Protocol (to the Helsinki Convention) on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters, opened for signature 21 May 2003, Doc MP.WAT/2003/1, CP.TEIA/2003/3 (not yet in force)
Zurück zum Zitat Protocol (to the Helsinki Convention) on Water and Health, opened for signature 17 June 1999, UN Doc MP.WAT/AC.1/1999/1 (entry into force 4 August 2005) Protocol (to the Helsinki Convention) on Water and Health, opened for signature 17 June 1999, UN Doc MP.WAT/AC.1/1999/1 (entry into force 4 August 2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Protocol (to the SPREP Convention) on the Prevention of Pollution of the South Pacific Region by Dumping, opened for signature 25 November 1986, IELMT 986:87A (entry into force 18 August 1990) Protocol (to the SPREP Convention) on the Prevention of Pollution of the South Pacific Region by Dumping, opened for signature 25 November 1986, IELMT 986:87A (entry into force 18 August 1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Protocol (to the SPREP Convention) on Cooperation in Combating Pollution Emergencies in the South Pacific Region, opened for signature 25 November 1986, IELMT 986:878 (entry into force 18 August 1990) Protocol (to the SPREP Convention) on Cooperation in Combating Pollution Emergencies in the South Pacific Region, opened for signature 25 November 1986, IELMT 986:878 (entry into force 18 August 1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 on Persistent Organic Pollutants [2004] OJ L 158/7 (amended by Council Decision 2006/507/EC) Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 on Persistent Organic Pollutants [2004] OJ L 158/7 (amended by Council Decision 2006/507/EC)
Zurück zum Zitat Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 on the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register [2006] OJ L 33/1 Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 on the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register [2006] OJ L 33/1
Zurück zum Zitat Report of the Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law to Prepare a Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law (Montevideo Programme IV), UN Doc UNEP/Env.Law/MTV4/IG/2/2 (2008) Report of the Meeting of Senior Government Officials Expert in Environmental Law to Prepare a Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law (Montevideo Programme IV), UN Doc UNEP/Env.Law/MTV4/IG/2/2 (2008)
Zurück zum Zitat Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, A/CONF.151/26 (vol I), United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, A/CONF.151/26 (vol I), United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992
Zurück zum Zitat Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, opened for signature 11 September 1998, 38 ILM 1 (entry into force 24 February 2004) Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, opened for signature 11 September 1998, 38 ILM 1 (entry into force 24 February 2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945), 3 Bevans 1179; 59 Stat. 1031; T.S. 993; 39 AJIL Supp. 215 (1945) Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945), 3 Bevans 1179; 59 Stat. 1031; T.S. 993; 39 AJIL Supp. 215 (1945)
Zurück zum Zitat Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001), opened for signature 23 May 2001, 40 ILM 532 (entry into force 17 May 2004) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001), opened for signature 23 May 2001, 40 ILM 532 (entry into force 17 May 2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 11 ILM 1416 (1972) Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 11 ILM 1416 (1972)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Protocol (to the Aarhus Convention) on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers, opened for signature 21 May 2003 (entry into force 8 October 2009) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Protocol (to the Aarhus Convention) on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers, opened for signature 21 May 2003 (entry into force 8 October 2009)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, opened for signature 28 June 1998, 2161 UNTS 447 (entry into force 30 October 2001) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, opened for signature 28 June 1998, 2161 UNTS 447 (entry into force 30 October 2001)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (1982) World soils policy. UNEP GC/DEC/10/14 United Nations Environment Programme (1982) World soils policy. UNEP GC/DEC/10/14
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2001) Montevideo Programme III - Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law for the First Decade of the Twenty-first Century, UNEP GC Decision 21/23 (2001) United Nations Environment Programme (2001) Montevideo Programme III - Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law for the First Decade of the Twenty-first Century, UNEP GC Decision 21/23 (2001)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2002) Agricultural Biological Diversity, UN Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20, COP Decision VI/5 (2002) United Nations Environment Programme (2002) Agricultural Biological Diversity, UN Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20, COP Decision VI/5 (2002)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2003) Action plan of the environment initiative of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) United Nations Environment Programme (2003) Action plan of the environment initiative of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2009a) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: Note by the Executive Director—Addendum—Draft Guidelines for the Development of National Legislation on Liability, Response Action and Compensation for Damage Caused by Activities Dangerous to the Environment, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/INF/15/Add.3 (2009) United Nations Environment Programme (2009a) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: Note by the Executive Director—Addendum—Draft Guidelines for the Development of National Legislation on Liability, Response Action and Compensation for Damage Caused by Activities Dangerous to the Environment, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/INF/15/Add.3 (2009)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2009b) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: note from the Executive Director, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/INF/15 (2009) United Nations Environment Programme (2009b) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: note from the Executive Director, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/INF/15 (2009)
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations Environment Programme (2009b) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: report by the Executive Director, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/11/Add.2 (2009) United Nations Environment Programme (2009b) Fourth Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law: report by the Executive Director, UN Doc UNEP/GC.25/11/Add.2 (2009)
Zurück zum Zitat United States-Germany Bilateral Agreement on Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites (1990) United States-Germany Bilateral Agreement on Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites (1990)
Zurück zum Zitat World Conservation Union (2000) Resolution 2.59 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 2nd World Conservation Congress, Amman, Jordan, 4–11 October 2000 World Conservation Union (2000) Resolution 2.59 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 2nd World Conservation Congress, Amman, Jordan, 4–11 October 2000
Zurück zum Zitat World Conservation Union (2004) Resolution 3.072 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 3rd World Conservation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 17–25 November 2004 World Conservation Union (2004) Resolution 3.072 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 3rd World Conservation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 17–25 November 2004
Zurück zum Zitat World Conservation Union (2008) Resolution 4.093 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 4th World Conservation Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 5–14 October 2008 World Conservation Union (2008) Resolution 4.093 on legal aspects of the sustainable use of soils. 4th World Conservation Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 5–14 October 2008
Metadaten
Titel
Current International Law Relating to Site Contamination
verfasst von
Elizabeth Brandon
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5745-5_3