Introduction
Water governance and the need for stakeholders’ engagement
Stakeholders and stakeholder engagement
-
Role of individuals, groups or entities in a given enterprise;
-
Financing responsibilities of individual, groups or entities in a given enterprise;
-
The influence of individual, groups, or entities in terms of decision-making in relation to a given enterprise;
-
The benefits of a given enterprise to individuals, groups, or entities; and
-
Adverse impact of a given enterprise no individuals, groups, or entities (Oppong et al. 2017).
Nigeria’s urban water supply system
Stakeholders | Role | Financing responsibility | Influence in decision-making | Benefits | Adverse Impact |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Federal Ministry of Water Resources | The Coordinating Ministry for national water resource management. They are involved in the formulation of policies, collection of data, coordination, and monitoring of water resources development at the national level (National water policy 2004). It is charged with the responsibilities of policy advice at the national level (Chukwuma et al. 2018; Okoye 2015) | Their funding role is within the budgetary specification according to the role in the management of water resources | This includes planning, development, and usage of Nigeria’s water resources, ensuring quality, quantity, distribution, use and management of water, ensuring application of appropriate standards and techniques for investigation, use control, protection, management, and administration of water resources, facilitating technical assistance and rehabilitation for water supplies | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users | Inter-ministry arguments as to whose responsibility is to set water quality standards |
The River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs): | The RBDA system as established is the implementation of irrigation development policies of the federal government River basin development and Dam management (Adeoti 2021) | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | The RBDA is responsible for managing water basin across the regions in the country. They support state governments in dams construction and management | As a government institution their benefits is measured from the impact and achievement of targets against government spendings. They are also interested in creating a good image for the government | The challenges face in terms of funding and technical capacity affects the quality of the service they provide |
The National Water Resources Institute | Promote and Develop Training Courses in Water Resources | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | This is the foremost Institution for Capacity Development for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Nigeria and internationally. The institution is involved in practical training of sector stakeholders to develop their capacities and equip them with skills for implementing Integrated Water Resources Management | The benefits are mostly intangible but necessary for measuring their impact | Funding challenges and technological constraints |
The state Ministry of Water Resources | It is the custodian of state water resources and responsible for policy formulation | They manage the funds allocated for water resource management but do not have any obligation outside state budgetary provisions | Coordinating government agencies for water sector planning and management | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users | Increasing pressure due to high population and demand for water |
The federal ministry of Environment | Coordinating environment protection and standards. They are not directly responsible for water supply but play a role related to providing a safe environment | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | Even though, they are not providing water to the users, they support in managing the environment and ensuring that the water sources are safe | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users | The problem of interagency relations Access to funding and technological constraints |
The State Water Agencies | Responsible for urban, semiurban, and rural water supplies. They are the agency directly involved in the storage, processing, distribution of water supply in addition to water rate collection for government revenue | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water but manage the funds allocated and revenue generated | It is at the centre of the operations and maintenance of water supply. They have access to the information on the consumer characteristics for planning the water supply system | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users. The effective delivery of water to consumer and rate collection are measures of benefits | High level of revenue water due to illegal connections and pipe leakages |
State water regulatory agencies | It is agency created for independent water supply regulation | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | They are empowered by law to ensure compliance by all stakeholders | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users | Political will of political office holders and undue interference |
Community-Based Organisations | They are organisations advocating for adequate quality and affordable water supply and sometimes support government to achieve targets | Community contributions from individuals to address urgent water need, but they are not under any financial obligation to supply water | They are mostly involved in advocacy on behalf of the users of water. This is enhancing a link between the water providers/government and the consumers | Their benefits are achieved when water supply is according to high quality, quantity, and affordability | Increasing politicisation of issues affects their role resulting in trust issues |
Water AID, European Union, World Bank and UNICEF | Technical and financial support | Apart from the three tiers of government, these non-governmental organisations are also visible in terms of funding water projects and direct provision of boreholes to both urban and rural areas (Ayeni et al. 2013) | They may not be involved in administrative functions but plays a significant role to Influence funding and technical support | These agencies may meet their target for international recognition and influence | Political climate of host countries may view them with suspicion |
Urban development boards | Planning approval for all developments. They are not water agencies but their have a role of ensuring all plans are according to specifications | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | Their impact in making plans for development. All plans are ratified by urban planning developments boards to enhance compliance by all actors | Achieving compliance to plans made to improve government image | Conflict among professional for influence |
Lands use management agency | Land allocation and issuance of certificate of occupancy. They are not directly providing water but providing land resources when applicable | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | They are also part of the planning process, since all developments connect to the use of the land | Achieving compliance to plans made to improve government image | |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), a parastatal of the FMOH, | General regulatory and control body for food, drugs and water-related items. It also sets national standards | There is no defined financial obligation to supply water | They are part of setting standard for quality and enforcement of the standards. They are not directly involved in the provision of water supply but also monitor water that is packaged in bottles and sachet | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users. They are also measured by compliance from industries and individuals | Entrepreneurs of illegal water services are growing with influence due challenges of regulation |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | Standards Monitoring of quality of products | There are no defined financial obligations | Enforcement of standards and quality. Their influence is not directed at water supply but to monitor the quality of materials and other products manufactured | The benefits are intangible, such as enhancing government image for the impact on the end users. They are also measured by compliance from industries and individuals | Non-compliance by individuals |
The Local Government council | Administration of local government areas. They are also known to collaborate with relevant agencies | The are responsible for funding water projects of small town and rural water supply | They are involved in administrative as well a physical development of their territory | Meeting the targets for the government | Low level of autonomy for planning |
Water consumers | Users of water for domestic, industrial, and commercial use | Payment of tariff and supporting to protect water infrastructure; however, they are not under any obligation for fund the provision of water supply | The water consumers, being end users of water supply system, their needs are considered for provision of services | When there is adequate water supply and related services | The shortages of supply, polluted sources, and inadequate payment systems are experienced by water consumers in most areas |
Water consultants and experts | Providing expert advice to government and public interest related to water | There is no defined financial obligation | They are only involved when required by government or relevant agencies | Consulting services they offer for a price | Low level of inclusion in planning and implementation |
Built environment professionals | They provide expert advice | There is no defined financial obligation | They are only involved when required by government or relevant agencies | Consulting services they offer for a price | Low level inclusion in planning and implementation |
Research methodology
Findings
Respondent background
Stakeholders’ interest/stake
The extent of stakeholders’ role
Category of stakeholders on role of stakeholders | Mode | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Frequency (%) | Consensus agreement \({\text{Agr}} (X\left|5\right.)\) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
Household users | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0.00 | 11 | 33.1 | 26.8 | 29.1 | 0.736406 |
Water Board/Agency/Corporation | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 19.7 | 22 | 24.4 | 31.5 | 0.704106 |
WaterAid | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 12.6 | 23.6 | 47.2 | 13.4 | 0.694686 |
USAID | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 14.2 | 29.9 | 37 | 17.3 | 0.692339 |
UNICEF | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 15 | 29.9 | 36.2 | 17.3 | 0.688455 |
WORLD BANK GROUP | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0.00 | 13.4 | 39.4 | 33.9 | 13.4 | 0.680307 |
Federal Ministry of Water Resources | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 20.5 | 21.3 | 10.2 | 40.2 | 0.673942 |
Community-Based Organisations | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0.00 | 16.5 | 44.9 | 28.3 | 10.2 | 0.647248 |
Industrial users | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 26 | 35.4 | 12.6 | 24.4 | 0.636505 |
State Water Regulation Agency | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 26 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 27.6 | 0.628308 |
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (AfDB) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 20.5 | 44.1 | 21.3 | 12.6 | 0.62093 |
Federal Legislature | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.3 | 29.1 | 20.5 | 18.9 | 25.2 | 0.618188 |
National Water Resources Institute | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 10.2 | 26 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 28.3 | 0.61681 |
Urban Development Board/Agency | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 29.1 | 39.4 | 9.4 | 19.7 | 0.597048 |
Business Organisation | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 31.5 | 34.6 | 15.7 | 15.7 | 0.588559 |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 36.2 | 18.9 | 18.1 | 0.588485 |
Water consultants | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4.7 | 33.9 | 26 | 22 | 13.4 | 0.572842 |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 18.1 | 27.6 | 23.6 | 15.7 | 0.567254 |
State Legislature Local Government Authority | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.3 | 39.4 | 18.1 | 15 | 21.3 | 0.565821 |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 11.8 | 22.8 | 33.1 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 0.559777 |
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 8.7 | 25.2 | 31.5 | 27.6 | 7.1 | 0.558219 |
State Land Use Development Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 10.2 | 31.5 | 29.1 | 9.4 | 19.7 | 0.545523 |
River Basin Development Authority | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19.7 | 27.6 | 16.5 | 11.8 | 24.4 | 0.524639 |
The Nigerian Society of Engineers | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 16.5 | 22 | 31.5 | 18.1 | 11.8 | 0.520219 |
The Nigerian Institute of Architects | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 19.7 | 30.7 | 29.1 | 11.8 | 8.7 | 0.451324 |
Financing responsibility
Category of Stakeholders on Financing responsibility | Mode | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Frequency (%) | Consensus agreement \({\text{Agr}} (X\left|5\right.)\) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
UNICEF | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 9.4 | 19.7 | 33.1 | 34.6 | 0.759733 |
World Bank Group | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 9.4 | 33.9 | 26 | 29.1 | 0.729476 |
USAID | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 28.3 | 26.8 | 32.3 | 0.727772 |
WaterAid | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 11.8 | 26.8 | 33.9 | 24.4 | 0.712451 |
Federal Ministry of Water Resources | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 18.1 | 12.6 | 28.3 | 31.5 | 0.676456 |
African Development Bank (AfDB) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 17.3 | 29.9 | 28.3 | 21.3 | 0.673079 |
Water Board/Agency/Corporation | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.3 | 15.7 | 33.9 | 22 | 22 | 0.647463 |
Household users | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 18.9 | 37 | 11 | 25.2 | 0.61809 |
Industrial users | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.3 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 23.6 | 19.7 | 0.616072 |
Business Organisation | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 37.8 | 29.1 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 0.564557 |
Community-Based Organisations | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 37.8 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 11 | 0.561276 |
Federal Legislature | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 17.3 | 26 | 19.7 | 10.2 | 26.8 | 0.549289 |
State Water Regulation Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 13.4 | 28.3 | 21.3 | 25.2 | 11.8 | 0.537156 |
National Water Resources Institute | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 8.7 | 30.7 | 37.8 | 8.7 | 14.2 | 0.531188 |
River Basin Development Authority | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15.7 | 31.5 | 22 | 15 | 15.7 | 0.509202 |
Urban Development Board/Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 11.8 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 11.8 | 6.3 | 0.475627 |
State Land Use Development Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 16.5 | 33.1 | 27.6 | 11.8 | 11 | 0.473276 |
State Legislature Local Government Authority | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15.7 | 33.9 | 31.5 | 7.1 | 11.8 | 0.468719 |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 22.8 | 33.9 | 15 | 21.3 | 7.1 | 0.438845 |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 22 | 33.1 | 26 | 15.7 | 3.1 | 0.417403 |
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 17.3 | 43.3 | 26.8 | 10.2 | 2.4 | 0.402515 |
The Nigerian Society of Engineers | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 22.8 | 43.3 | 20.5 | 9.4 | 3.9 | 0.375204 |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 25.2 | 36.2 | 31.5 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 0.368719 |
Water consultants | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 21.3 | 49.6 | 15.7 | 13.4 | 0 | 0.359701 |
The Nigerian Institute of Architects | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 27.6 | 44.9 | 15.7 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 0.336276 |
The extent of influence of stakeholders in decision-making
Category of Stakeholders on influence in decision making | Mode | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Frequency (%) | Consensus agreement \({\text{Agr}}(X\left|5\right.)\) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
Household users | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 33.9 | 29.1 | 26 | 0.728655 |
Water Board/Agency/Corporation | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 19.7 | 25.2 | 21.3 | 32.3 | 0.704797 |
UNICEF | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 16.5 | 29.1 | 33.1 | 18.1 | 0.672577 |
Community-Based Organisations | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 15.7 | 48.8 | 25.2 | 10.2 | 0.642458 |
WORLD BANK GROUP | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 23.6 | 33.9 | 30.7 | 11.8 | 0.640135 |
USAID | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 0.639018 |
WaterAid | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 22.8 | 20.5 | 37 | 14.2 | 0.634038 |
Federal Ministry of Water Resources | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 13.4 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 7.1 | 39.4 | 0.631555 |
State Water Regulation Agency | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 10.2 | 21.3 | 21.3 | 18.9 | 28.3 | 0.628758 |
Industrial users | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 28.3 | 38.6 | 8.7 | 22 | 0.607141 |
Federal Legislature | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 29.9 | 21.3 | 11.8 | 29.1 | 0.607121 |
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (AfDB) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 28.3 | 34.6 | 20.5 | 14.2 | 0.60101 |
Business Organisation | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 28.3 | 40.2 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 0.597905 |
National Water Resources Institute | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 25.2 | 14.2 | 12.6 | 33.1 | 0.595917 |
State Legislature Local Government Authority | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 37 | 18.1 | 12.6 | 26.8 | 0.594718 |
Urban Development Board/Agency | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4.7 | 31.5 | 33.1 | 6.3 | 24.4 | 0.589893 |
Water consultants | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6.3 | 35.4 | 22 | 21.3 | 15 | 0.564621 |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 20.5 | 25.2 | 22.8 | 16.5 | 0.562483 |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 26.8 | 20.5 | 18.1 | 0.558971 |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 14.2 | 23.6 | 26 | 16.5 | 19.7 | 0.558279 |
State Land Use Development Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15.7 | 26.8 | 26 | 7.1 | 24.4 | 0.539689 |
River Basin Development Authority | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 18.9 | 33.9 | 7.9 | 14.2 | 25.2 | 0.52099 |
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 14.2 | 26 | 30.7 | 22.8 | 6.3 | 0.510362 |
The Nigerian Society of Engineers | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 23.6 | 18.9 | 29.1 | 18.9 | 9.4 | 0.478659 |
The Nigerian Institute of Architects | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 26 | 22.8 | 33.1 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 0.428372 |
The extent of benefits enjoyed
Category of Stakeholders on benefits enjoyed | Mode | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Frequency (%) | Consensus agreement \({\text{Agr}} (X\left|5\right.)\) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
Water Board/Agency/Corporation | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2.4 | 19.7 | 40.2 | 37.8 | 0.824521 |
Federal Ministry of Water Resources | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 11.8 | 8.7 | 34.6 | 40.9 | 0.778224 |
Federal Legislature | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.1 | 18.1 | 7.9 | 36.2 | 34.6 | 0.743744 |
State Water Regulation Agency | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 34.6 | 26.8 | 29.9 | 0.733899 |
Industrial users | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 34.6 | 29.9 | 0.733661 |
State Legislature Local Government Authority | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1.6 | 10.2 | 35.4 | 29.1 | 23.6 | 0.711854 |
National Water Resources Institute | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 11.8 | 29.1 | 26 | 27.6 | 0.694124 |
Urban Development Board/Agency | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 20.5 | 15.7 | 34.6 | 23.6 | 0.674179 |
Household users | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 22 | 25.2 | 17.3 | 31.5 | 0.673907 |
River Basin Development Authority | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 10.2 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 22 | 33.9 | 0.671935 |
Business Organisation | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 21.3 | 30.7 | 18.9 | 25.2 | 0.652744 |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 15 | 26.8 | 30.7 | 19.7 | 0.648917 |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 14.2 | 22.8 | 35.4 | 16.5 | 0.630889 |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.1 | 22 | 23.6 | 27.6 | 19.7 | 0.628705 |
UNICEF | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 21.3 | 28.3 | 29.1 | 15.7 | 0.627055 |
Community-Based Organisations | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2.4 | 29.9 | 26.8 | 25.2 | 15.7 | 0.61348 |
WaterAid | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 31.5 | 13.4 | 0.602343 |
USAID | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 18.9 | 31.5 | 26.8 | 13.4 | 0.595479 |
State Land Use Development Agency | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 11.8 | 22 | 27.6 | 12.6 | 26 | 0.594001 |
African Development Bank (AfDB) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 23.6 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 11.8 | 0.589001 |
World Bank Group | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 25.2 | 26.8 | 29.1 | 11 | 0.582836 |
Water consultants | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 18.9 | 35.4 | 25.2 | 11 | 0.582375 |
The Nigerian Society of Engineers | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 28.3 | 39.4 | 19.7 | 8.7 | 0.56763 |
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.1 | 25.2 | 40.2 | 15 | 12.6 | 0.562384 |
The Nigerian Institute of Architects | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.1 | 28.3 | 37 | 18.9 | 8.7 | 0.547132 |
The extent of negative impact
Category of Stakeholders on Negative impact suffered | Mode | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Frequency (%) | Consensus agreement \({\text{Agr}} (X\left|5\right.)\) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
Household users | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 29.1 | 15.7 | 40.2 | 0.717685 |
State Water Regulation Agency | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | 11 | 36.2 | 23.6 | 25.2 | 0.690704 |
Industrial users | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 4.7 | 15 | 29.1 | 21.3 | 29.9 | 0.68948 |
Water Board/Agency/Corporation | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 28.3 | 32.3 | 23.6 | 0.685177 |
Business Organisation | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 26 | 25.2 | 24.4 | 24.4 | 0.672106 |
Community-Based Organisations | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 8.7 | 22 | 31.5 | 16.5 | 21.3 | 0.601301 |
State Legislature Local Government Authority | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 22.8 | 26.8 | 22.8 | 18.1 | 0.596246 |
Urban Development Board/Agency | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 21.3 | 33.1 | 16.5 | 19.7 | 0.592407 |
River Basin Development Authority | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 17.3 | 29.1 | 15.7 | 22.8 | 0.581672 |
Water consultants | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7.9 | 17.3 | 48 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 0.578661 |
State Land Use Development Agency | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 12.6 | 26.8 | 22 | 15.7 | 22.8 | 0.570723 |
The Nigerian Society of Engineers | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5.5 | 21.3 | 48.8 | 15.7 | 8.7 | 0.567787 |
Federal Ministry of Water Resources | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 13.4 | 31.5 | 16.5 | 12.6 | 26 | 0.559653 |
National Water Resources Institute | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 10.2 | 37 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 18.1 | 0.541984 |
Federal Legislature | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 17.3 | 31.5 | 10.2 | 19.7 | 21.3 | 0.533122 |
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9.4 | 28.3 | 40.2 | 11 | 11 | 0.52607 |
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 16.5 | 33.9 | 14.2 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 0.514412 |
The Nigerian Institute of Architects | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 8.7 | 33.1 | 36.2 | 13.4 | 8.7 | 0.5125 |
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19.7 | 27.6 | 20.5 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 0.500524 |
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19.7 | 27.6 | 24.4 | 10.2 | 18.1 | 0.494933 |
WaterAid | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 13.4 | 33.1 | 36.2 | 17.3 | 0 | 0.457987 |
African Development Bank (AfDB) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 16.5 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 0.454023 |
WORLD BANK GROUP | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 21.3 | 22.8 | 36.2 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 0.448828 |
USAID | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 16.5 | 37.8 | 26 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 0.437451 |
UNICEF | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 41.7 | 26 | 15 | 2.4 | 0.430438 |