1 Introduction
2 Prior research, institutional background, and predictions
2.1 Prior research
2.2 Institutional background
2.3 Main predictions
This Fee Letter is delivered to you on the understanding that neither this Fee Letter nor any of its terms or substance shall be disclosed, directly or indirectly, to any other person except (a) to your officers, agents and advisors who are directly involved in the consideration of this matter or (b) as may be compelled in a judicial or administrative proceeding or as otherwise required by law (in which case you agree to inform us promptly thereof).
3 Data
3.1 Sample
Loan packages on Dealscan with all variables | 11,017 |
Loan packages with all variables and a capital expenditure covenant | 2,645 |
Missing credit agreements | -441 |
Main Sample
|
2,204
|
3.2 Redacted credit agreements
3.2.1 Requests for confidential treatment
1. Hexcel Corporation’s land located in Livermore, California, may be sold in one or a series of transactions.2. Hexcel’s land and facilities in [*****].3. Unimproved land located in Lodi, New Jersey.4. The land and manufacturing facility of [*****] in [*****].5. Hexcel’s equity interest in [*****].
3.2.2 Missing fee information
2.8. FEES. Company agrees to pay to Agents such fees in the amounts and at the times separately agreed upon.For my sample, I find that 72.5% of all contracts have missing fee information. In most cases, these contracts have not requested SEC approval for confidential treatment.
3.3 Which fees are redacted and how material are they?
Variable | N | Mean | Median | Std Dev | 25th Pctl | 75th Pctl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Redacted
| 2,204 | 0.728 | 1.000 | 0.445 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Confidential Treatment
| 2,204 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.095 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Missing Fee Information
| 2,204 | 0.725 | 1.000 | 0.446 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Estimated Redacted Fees-to-Assets
| 1,599 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
Number of Covenants
| 2,204 | 3.453 | 3.000 | 1.149 | 3.000 | 4.000 |
Monitoring-Intensive Covenants
| 2,204 | 0.466 | 0.000 | 0.499 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Industry-Adjusted Loan Spread
| 2,204 | 0.000 | -20.246 | 134.046 | -87.306 | 52.106 |
Loan Spread
| 2,204 | 280.112 | 253.431 | 137.504 | 196.383 | 331.991 |
Not Rated
| 2,204 | 0.651 | 1.000 | 0.477 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Hindex
| 2,204 | 1.497 | 1.000 | 1.132 | 0.000 | 3.000 |
ROA
| 2,204 | -0.019 | 0.015 | 0.153 | -0.044 | 0.054 |
ROA Missing Fee Information
| 1,599 | -0.012 | 0.018 | 0.142 | -0.036 | 0.055 |
Firm Age
| 2,204 | 16.890 | 12.000 | 13.296 | 7.000 | 23.000 |
Size
| 2,204 | 5.875 | 5.873 | 1.423 | 4.889 | 6.822 |
Market-to-Book
| 2,204 | 1.520 | 1.234 | 0.902 | 0.995 | 1.670 |
# Previous Deals
| 2,204 | 4.735 | 4.000 | 3.538 | 2.000 | 7.000 |
High Tech
| 2,204 | 0.164 | 0.000 | 0.371 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Litigation Risk
| 2,204 | 0.245 | 0.000 | 0.430 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Cash-Flow Volatility
| 2,204 | 0.099 | 0.053 | 0.173 | 0.028 | 0.098 |
Deal Amount (millions)
| 2,204 | 232.809 | 100.000 | 345.617 | 40.000 | 275.000 |
Deal Amount-to-Assets
| 2,204 | 0.448 | 0.301 | 0.574 | 0.157 | 0.530 |
Maturity (months)
| 2,204 | 44.811 | 41.000 | 19.416 | 35.000 | 60.000 |
3.4 Monitoring-intensive covenants
Capital Expenditures. Allow Borrowers, in the aggregate, [not] to make capital expenditures in any fiscal year in excess of $2,000,000.
Capital Expenditures. Contract for, purchase or make any expenditure or commitments for Capital Expenditures in any fiscal year in an aggregate amount in excess of (a) $6,800,000 for the fiscal year ending on or about December 31, 2008 and (b) for each fiscal year thereafter an amount not to exceed sixty-five percent (65%) of Borrower’s EBITDA for the prior fiscal year.
Consolidated Capital Expenditures. The Parent will not, nor will it permit any Subsidiary to permit Consolidated Capital Expenditures as of the end of any fiscal year of the Parent to exceed $6,000,000 for all such persons in the aggregate during such fiscal year; provided, however, that 50% of any amounts not utilized during any fiscal year may be carried forward to the immediately following fiscal year only.
3.5 Summary statistics
4 Empirical analysis
4.1 Econometric specification
4.2 Results
Dependent Variable =
|
Redacted
|
Redacted
|
---|---|---|
(1)
|
(2)
| |
Number of Covenants
|
0.049***
| |
(4.85) | ||
Monitoring-Intensive Covenants
|
0.127***
| |
(6.03) | ||
Hindex | 0.006 | 0.002 |
(0.58) | (0.23) | |
ROA | 0.003 | 0.001 |
(0.31) | (0.14) | |
Firm Age | -0.001 | -0.001 |
(-0.11) | (-0.17) | |
Size | 0.049*** | 0.030* |
(3.08) | (1.94) | |
Market-to-Book | 0.007 | 0.005 |
(0.76) | (0.49) | |
Log (1+ #Previous Deals) | 0.015 | 0.017 |
(1.42) | (1.54) | |
High Tech | -0.009 | -0.006 |
(-0.30) | (-0.19) | |
Litigation Risk | 0.065*** | 0.051** |
(2.82) | (2.20) | |
Cash-Flow Volatility | -0.004 | -0.007 |
(-0.54) | (-0.89) | |
Log (Deal Amount) | 0.130*** | 0.134*** |
(7.65) | (8.05) | |
Maturity | 0.063*** | 0.057*** |
(5.74) | (5.08) | |
Clustering
| Firm | Firm |
N
| 2,204 | 2,204 |
R-Squared
| 0.281 | 0.286 |
Dependent Variable =
|
Redacted
|
Redacted
|
---|---|---|
(1)
|
(2)
| |
Industry-Adjusted Loan Spread
|
0.025***
| |
(2.73) | ||
Not Rated
|
0.067***
| |
(2.97) | ||
Hindex | 0.002 | 0.002 |
(0.23) | (0.21) | |
ROA | 0.007 | 0.000 |
(0.73) | (0.01) | |
Firm Age | -0.000 | -0.001 |
(-0.05) | (-0.14) | |
Size | 0.034** | 0.052*** |
(2.21) | (3.12) | |
Market-to-Book | 0.007 | 0.005 |
(0.73) | (0.49) | |
Log (1+ # Previous Deals) | 0.015 | 0.021** |
(1.40) | (1.97) | |
High Tech | -0.010 | -0.011 |
(-0.32) | (-0.35) | |
Litigation Risk | 0.058** | 0.058** |
(2.48) | (2.45) | |
Cash-Flow Volatility | -0.006 | -0.004 |
(-0.66) | (-0.46) | |
Log (Deal Amount) | 0.156*** | 0.154*** |
(9.62) | (9.45) | |
Maturity | 0.075*** | 0.074*** |
(6.91) | (6.80) | |
Clustering
| Firm | Firm |
N
| 2,204 | 2,204 |
R-Squared
| 0.274 | 0.274 |
5 Additional tests
5.1 Lender motivation for requesting redaction
Dependent Variable =
|
Same Lender
|
Future Loan Spread
|
Difference Loan Spread
|
---|---|---|---|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
| |
Redacted
|
0.074**
|
0.034
|
-0.012
|
(2.42) | (0.94) | (-0.37) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Clustering
| Firm | Firm | Firm |
N
| 1,420 | 1,420 | 1,420 |
R-Squared
| 0.093 | 0.091 | 0.107 |
5.2 Does the Refinitiv / LPC Dealscan database correctly code missing fee information?
5.3 Other information redacted from credit agreements
Loan Terms | Compliance | Collateral | Investments | Litigation | Company Info. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20% | 29% | 62% | 29% | 38% | 69% |
5.4 Robustness test including all explanatory variables
Dependent Variable =
|
Redacted
|
---|---|
Number of Covenants
|
0.045***
|
(4.38) | |
Monitoring-Intensive Covenants
|
0.128***
|
(6.09) | |
Industry-Adjusted Loan Spread
|
0.016*
|
(1.66) | |
Not Rated
|
0.085***
|
(3.93) | |
All Controls | Yes |
Clustering
| Firm |
N
| 2,204 |
R-Squared
| 0.300 |