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Erschienen in:
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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Economic Development and the Implementation of CSR Initiatives in National Economies

verfasst von : Dr. Marek Ćwiklicki, Dr. Łukasz Jabłoński

Erschienen in: New Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Abstract

The aim of the chapter is to identify theoretical, methodological, and empirical arguments for the relationship between economic development and the introduction of corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in national economies. The chapter consists of three major parts. In the first part, the authors overviewed the literature dedicated to CSR and economic development. This results in the identification of the main features of both these categories. Within this research perspective, the authors draw special attention to the current interpretations with respect to the essence of economic development, which includes not only monetary, but mainly its qualitative aspects, such as: ethical, related with fairness, trust, and sustainability. Moreover, the theoretical arguments for the direction of inter-dependence between the CSR and economic development are discussed. The second part of the chapter addresses the methodological dilemmas related with the research which aim to analyse the inter-dependence between these two categories. This highlights three issues including: the threshold level of economic development as a condition for the introduction of CSR, the role of globalisation as a factor of economy and company development, and difficulties in measuring the achievement in CSR introduction from a comparative perspective. The third part of the chapter discusses the findings of empirical research on CSR and emphasises the arguments for causality between economic development and CSR introduction in companies within national economies. The chapter concludes by summarising the main findings from the research conducted.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Altruism as a Missing Concept in Economic Rationality: The Need for Multi-Disciplinary Perspective
Nächstes Kapitel Income Inequality and Public Debt in OECD-Countries from a CSR Perspective
Fußnoten
1
During the Marginal Revolution, the subject of economic analysis became the state of economic balance understood as a pursuit by rational and perfectly informed subjects of the optimisation of their goals with given resources and under determined institutional conditions. From that moment on, economic analysis became ahistorical and antisocial, because de facto the institutional arrangement of the functioning of markets was pushed outside the mainstream of economic research and conventionally reserved for heterodox research. Economic analysis became specified by the mathematical formalisation of the concept of market and economic balance and—thanks to that—it came closer theoretically and methodologically to the status of the natural sciences. At that time, some of the primary ideas of Adam Smith included in the Theory of Moral Sentiments were impoverished especially by Malthus and Ricardo (Sedlacek 2011), and because of that, as explained by Polanyi (1944), a thesis that contradicted the historical research was disseminated, namely that the economy, understood as a system of self-regulating markets, requires a subordination of social life to the logic of the market.
 
2
Of particular contribution to the dissemination of the role of human capital in economic growth and economic development was the theory of human capital by Becker (1975) and the later works of Romer (1986) and Lucas (1988), which established the endogenous direction of studies on economic growth.
 
3
It should be stressed that the representatives of the neoclassical theory of endogenous growth give a special role to international economic cooperation, as well as to the creation and diffusion of scientific and technological knowledge. However, neoliberals, who are clustered around institutions of global capitalism, as well as institutionalists emphasise the important role of institutional factors connected, among others, with the right form and scope of interventionism, the effectiveness of the model of capitalism and the competition order that is normalised by the principles of international cooperation, freedom of an individual, tradition, and the culture of societies.
 
4
Social capital holds a special place in the works of North (1990, 2005). However, the theory of social capital stems from the works of Coleman (1988); Helliwell and Putnam (1995).
 
5
Matthews et al. (1982, p. 137); Abramovitz and David (2000); Goldin and Katz (2001); and Osborne (2006). It can be concluded that on a higher level of economic development, the contribution of physical capital to the economic growth and development decreases, whereas the contribution of human capital increases.
 
6
Reinhardt et al. (2008, p. 28) claim that in the western countries (highly developed ones) society is more in favour of “higher ethical standards and help[ing to] build a better society” as compared to the less-developed countries (China and Kazakhstan), where a view suggesting that enterprises should “make profits, pay taxes, create jobs, and obey all laws” dominates.
 
7
Methodological assumptions regarding the construction of these indicators stem from the conviction that economic growth contributes to the increase of well-being only up to a certain point. After it is reached, the growth of GDP per capita generates costs that sometimes exceed the benefits of progress (Lawn and Sanders 1999; Lawn 2005, pp. 185–208; Slesnick 1998). In the Polish literature, these indicators are the subject of theoretical, methodological and empirical research conducted by Borys (2005a, pp. 126–143, b, 2007, pp. 271–292).
 
8
For example, Gender Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measure, Human Poverty Index (Borys 2007, p. 286; Low and Aw 1997, pp. 1–17).
 
9
GDP per capita, in PPP, international dollars, constant prices of 2005.
 
10
Using the average values of GDP per capita and HDI from the years 2002 to 2011 served the purpose of eliminating the negative influence of the financial crisis in 2008 on well-being.
 
11
The number of enterprises (employers) compared among the countries, thus without the self-employed, was obtained from the World Development Indicators database (WDI 2013).
 
12
There are currently four types of reporting guidelines: first was published in 2000, the second (the so-called G2) in 2002, the third (G3) in 2006, and the fourth in 2013. The collected data concerns all types of reports without being divided according to the version number.
 
13
This group is comprised of: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea Rep., Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia.
 
14
In this group of conclusions, attention was drawn to those calculations which were characterised by the expected (positive) and statistically significant values of correlation coefficients between the CSR variables ( i-14000, i-8000, i-GRI) and two alternative indicators of economic development, i.e., GDP per capita and HDI.
 
15
It should be noted that this conclusion is not easily applicable to the countries of Latin America, for which the correlation coefficient between GDP per capita, HDI, and i-GRI index had an unsatisfactory statistical significance, i.e., p value > 0.1.
 
16
Due to the limited space, Table 8.3 contains only the statistically significant calculation results. The full set of calculations is available on request.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Economic Development and the Implementation of CSR Initiatives in National Economies
verfasst von
Dr. Marek Ćwiklicki
Dr. Łukasz Jabłoński
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
New Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility

Print ISBN: 978-3-658-06793-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-06794-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06794-6_8

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