nach oben

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy

Erschienen in:

11.06.2015 | Review

Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions–A review

verfasst von: A. K. Hasannuddin, J. Y. Wira, R. Srithar, S. Sarah, M. I. Ahmad, S. A. Aizam, M. A. B. Aiman, M. Zahari, S. Watanabe, M. A. Azrin, S. S. Mohd

Erschienen in: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy | Ausgabe 1/2016

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Emulsion fuel is an unconventional fuel for diesel engines, which can be used without modifications in the engine. The benefits of an emulsion fuel include lowering the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) which are harmful to health and cause diesel engines to suffer. This paper explains in detail the effect of water in the emulsion fuel on the emissions of NO_x, PM, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and exhaust temperature. Experimental results from various researchers show a decrease in the NO_x and PM emissions simultaneously. However, the results with the increasing water percentage in emulsion fuel are not consistent for HC and CO emissions. The water content in emulsion fuel affects the combustion and reduces the peak temperature in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, microexplosion phenomenon occurs and causes an increase in the volatility of diesel fuel which improves the combustion efficiency.

Vorheriger Artikel Technology strategy to meet China’s 5 L/100 km fuel consumption target for passenger vehicles in 2020

Nächster Artikel Adsorption and desorption of selenium by two non-living biomasses of aquatic weeds at dynamic conditions

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Abu Zaid M (2004) Performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using water fuel emulsions. Energy Convers Manag 45:697–705CrossRef

Adiga KC (1992) Energy-sources technology conference and exhibition, New York, 26–30 January 1992

Afify EM, Korah SS (1987) The effect of air charge temperature on performance, ignition delay and exhaust emissions of diesel engine using w/o emulsions as fuel. SAE Paper No. 870555

Agung S, Fujita H, Ismail A (2011) Experimental study of exhaust emissions of w/o emulsion fuel in DI single cylinder diesel engine. Mod Appl Sci 55:73–79

Ahmad MI, Hirofumi N, Hasannuddin AK, Wira J (2014) An overview of utilizing water-in-diesel emulsion fuel in diesel engine and its potential research study. J Energy Inst 87:273–288CrossRef

Alahmer A, Yamin J, Sakhrieh A, Hamdan MA (2010) Engine performance using emulsified diesel fuel. Energy Convers Manag 51:1708–1713CrossRef

Alain M, Xavier T (2011) NO_x and PM emissions reduction on an automotive HSDI Diesel engine with water-in-diesel emulsion and EGR an experimental study. Fuel 31:79–92

Anders A, Kirsten BN (2011) Water-in-fuel emulsions as marine engine fuel for reduced NO_x and particulate emissions. Environmental Project No. 1380

Andrews GE, Iheozor EIE, Pang SW (1987) Diesel particulate SOF emissions reduction using an exhaust catalyst. SAE Paper No. 870251

Andrews GE, Bartle KD, Pang SW, Nurein AM, Williams PT (1988) The reduction in diesel particulate emissions using emulsified fuels. SAE Paper No. 880348

Armasa O, Ballesterosa R, Martosb FJ, Agudeloc JR (2005) Characterization of light duty diesel engine pollutant emissions using water-emulsified fuel. Fuel 84:110–118

Avedisian CT (1997) Proceedings of the 4th international microgravity combustion workshop, Cleveland, OH, USA, 19–21 May 1997

Barnaud F, Schmelzle P, Schulz P (2000) An original emulsified water–diesel fuel for heavy-duty applications. SAE Paper No. 2000-01-1861

Beer T, Grant T, Olaru D, Watson H (2003) Comparative assessment of Shell aquadiesel. Report HD90A/F3.6X. Shell Company of Australia Limited

Bernard C, Rodica B (1999) Diesel engine reference book, 2nd edn. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford

Biona JBM, Licauco J (2009) Performance, smoke characteristics and economics of pre-heated used vegetable oil utilization in Philippine public utility jeepneys. Clean Technol Environ Policy 11:239–245CrossRef

Brijesh P, Chowdhury A, Sreedhara S (2015) Advanced combustion methods for simultaneous reduction of emissions and fuel consumption of compression ignition engines. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17:615–625CrossRef

Brondani M, Ronaldo H, Flavio DM, Jonas SK (2015) Environmental and energy analysis of biodiesel production in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17:129–143CrossRef

Brown KF, Chadderton J, Daly DT, Langer DA, Duncan D (2000) Opportunity for diesel emission reductions using advanced catalysts and water blend fuel. SAE Paper No. 2000-01-0182

Cavataio G (2008) Enhanced durability of a Cu/zeolite based SCR catalyst. SAE Paper No. 2008-01-1025

Chadwell CJ (2008) Effect of diesel and water co-injection with real-time control on diesel engine performance and emissions. SAE Paper No. 2008-01-1190

Coon CW (1981) Multi-cylinder diesel engine tests with unstabilized water-in-fuel emulsions. SAE Paper No. 810250

Crookes RJ, Nazha MAA, Janota MS, Storey T (1980) Investigation into the combustion of water/diesel duel emulsions. SAE Paper No. 800094

Dryer FL (1976) Water addition to practical combustion system concepts and applications. In: 16th Combustion symposium (international) 1976, pp 279–295

Ebna AF, Yang W, Lee PS, Chou SK, Christopher RY (2013) Experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine by water emulsion diesel under varying engine load condition. Appl Energy 102:1042–1049CrossRef

Franz B, Roath P (2000) Soot oxidation in a DI diesel engine by additional injection of a H₂O₂/water solution. In: Proceeding of sixteenth national conference. IC engines and combustion, India

Ftwi YH, Rashid AAA, Isa MT (2011) Water-in-diesel emulsion and its micro-explosion phenomenon-review. IEEE 12:314–318

Fu WB, Hou Y, Wang L, Ma FH (2002) A unified model for the micro-explosion of emulsified droplets of oil and water. Fuel Process Technol 79:107–119CrossRef

Fuel Properties and Emissions (2015) Dieselnet. https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_emi.php. Accessed 3 March 2015

Ganesan S, Ramesh A (2001) Investigation on the use of water–diesel emulsion in a LPG–diesel dual fuel engine. SAE Paper No. 2001-28-0032

Ghojel J, Honnery D, Al-Khaleefi K (2006) Performance, emissions and heat release characteristics of direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel oil emulsion. Appl Therm Eng 26:2132–2141CrossRef

Girish J, John HJ, Susan TB, James RW, Cuong TH, Amjad K, David GL (2002) Oxidation catalytic converter and emulsified fuel effects on heavy-duty diesel engine emissions. SAE Paper No. 2002-02-1277

Gollahalli SR, Rasmussen ML, Moussavi SJ (1981) Combustion of drops and sprays of No. 2 diesel oil and its emulsions with water. In: Symposium (international) on combustion, vol 18, pp 349–360

Greeves G, Khan IM, Onion G (1977) Effects of water introduction on diesel engine combustion and emissions. Symp (Int) Combust 16:321–336CrossRef

Gurusala NK, Arul VMS (2015) Effects of alumina nanoparticles in waste chicken fat biodiesel on the operating characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17:681–692CrossRef

Hall RE (1976) The effect of water/residual oil emulsions on air pollutant emissions and efficiency of commercial boilers. J Eng Power 98:425–430CrossRef

Hall D, Thorne C, Goodier S (2003) An investigation into the effect of a diesel/water emulsion on the size and number distribution of the particulate emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-3168

Harrison RM, Yin J (2000) Particulate matter in the atmosphere which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Sci Total Environ 14:249–265

Hasannuddin AK, Aiman AB, Aizam SA, Ahmad MI, Zahari M, Mohd SS, Wira JY (2014) Stability studies of water-in-diesel fuel emulsion. Appl Mech Mater 663:54–57CrossRef

Henningsen S (1994) Influence of the fuel injection equipment on NO_x emissions and particulates on a large heavy-duty two-stroke diesel engine operating on water-in-fuel emulsion. SAE Paper No. 941783

Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamental. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 578–592

Hironori S, Koji U (2011) Feasibility study on the utilization of water-in-oil type emulsified fuels to small DI diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 2011-32-0602

Honnery D, Tappe M, Kent J (1992) Two parametric models of soot formation in laminar diffusion flames. Combust Sci Technol 12:170–185

Hountalas DT, Kouremenos DA, Binder KB, Raab A, Schnabel MH (2001) Using advanced injection timing and EGR to improve DI diesel engine efficiency at acceptable NO and soot levels. SAE Paper No. 2001-01-0199

Hountalas DT, Mavropoulos GC, Zannis TC, Mamalis SD (2006) Use of water emulsion and intake water injection as NO_x reduction techniques for heavy-duty diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-1414

Hsu BD (1986) Combustion of water-in-diesel emulsion in an experimental medium speed diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 860300

Ibrahim AR, Altinisik K, Keskin A (2014) The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust after treatment systems. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17:15–27CrossRef

Ilyas SZ, Khattak AI, Nasir SM, Qurashi T, Durrani R (2010) Air pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the City of Quetta, Pakistan. Clean Technol Environ Policy 12:291–299CrossRef

Ishida M, Chen ZL (1994) An analysis of the added water effect on NO formation in DI diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 941691

Ishida M, Ueki H, Sakaguchi D (1997) Prediction of NO_x reduction rate due to port water injection in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 972961

Jazair W, Harada T, Kubo S, Kidoguchi Y (2007) Improvement of emissions in a DI diesel engine fuelled by bio-diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. SAE Paper No. 2007-01-2029

Jazair YW, Syunsuke K, Masazumi T, Tomoaki Y, Yoshiyuki K (2011) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by rapeseed oil bio-fuel. J Mek UTM 33:32–39

Jazair YW, Tan WC, Samion S, Noge H, Mazlan S, Alias MN (2012) Utilization of waste hydraulic oil as fuel in diesel engine. Adv Mater Res 25:518–523

Kadota T, Yamasaki H (2002) Recent advances in the combustion of water fuel emulsion. Prog Energy Combust Sci 28:385–404CrossRef

Karim GA (1983) The dual fuel engine of the compression ignition type—prospects, problems and solutions—a review. SAE Paper No. 831073

Kerihuel A, Senthil K, Bellettre MJ, Tazerout M (2006) Ethanol animal fat emulsions as a diesel engine fuel—formulations and influential parameters (part 1). Fuel 85:2640–2645CrossRef

Khan N, Gollahalli SR (1981) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine burning unstabilized emulsions of diesel fuel with water, methanol and ethanol. SAE Paper No. 811210

Kweonha P, Inseok K, Seungmook O (2000) The effect of water emulsified fuel on a motorway-bus diesel engine. KSME Int J 18:204957

Ladommatos N, Abdelhalim S, Zhao H (2000) The effects of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel combustion and emissions. Int J Engine Res 1:107–126CrossRef

Langer D, Petek NK, Schiferl EA (2002) Maximizing the effectiveness of water blended fuel in reducing emissions by varying injection timing or using after-treatment device. In: Proceeding of better air quality in Asian and Pacific Rim cities. Air pollution, Hong Kong

Lawson A, Last AJ (1979) Engines by application of unstabilized emulsions modified fuels for diesel. SAE Paper No. 790925

Leung P, Tsolakis A, Wyszynski ML, Rodríguez FJ, Megaritis A (2009) Performance, emissions and exhaust-gas reforming of an emulsified fuel: a comparative study with conventional diesel fuel. SAE Paper No. 2009-01-1809

Lif A, Holmberg K (2006) Water-in-diesel emulsions and related systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 126:231–239CrossRef

Lif A, Skoglundh M, Gjirja S, Denbratt I (2007) Reduction of soot emissions from a direct injection diesel engine using water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuels. SAE Paper No. 2007-01-1076

Lif A, Stark M, Nyden M, Holmberg K (2010) Fuel emulsions and microemulsions based ion Fischer–Tropsch diesel. Colloids Surf 354:91–98CrossRef

Lin CY, Chen LW (2006) Engine performance and emissions characteristics of three-phase diesel emulsions prepared by an ultrasonic emulsification method. Fuel 85:593–600CrossRef

Lin CY, Chen LW (2008) Comparison of fuel properties and emission characteristics of two and three-phase emulsions prepared by ultrasonically vibrating and mechanically homogenizing emulsification methods. Fuel 87:2154–2161CrossRef

Lin CY, Wang KH (2003a) Diesel engine performance and emission characteristics using three-phase emulsions as fuel. Fuel 83:537–545CrossRef

Lin CY, Wang KH (2003b) The fuel properties of three-phase emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Fuel 82:1367–1375CrossRef

Lin CY, Wang KH (2004a) Effects of a combustion improver on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics when using three-phase emulsions as an alternative fuel. Energy Fuel 18:477–484CrossRef

Lin CY, Wang KH (2004b) Effects of an oxygenated additive on the emulsification characteristics of two- and three-phase diesel emulsions. Fuel 83:507–515CrossRef

Liu S, Li H, Liew C, Gatts T, Wayne S, Shade B (2011) An experimental investigation of NO₂ emission characteristics of a heavy-duty H₂-diesel dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy 36:12015–12024CrossRef

Manuel A, González D, Hercilio R, Xiomara G, Aymara L (2001) Performance and emissions using water in diesel fuel microemulsion. SAE Paper No. 2001-01-3525

Masatoshi I, Koji Y, Akira I, Hideo S (2011) Study on performance of diesel engine applied with emulsified diesel fuel—the influence of fuel injection timing and water contents. SAE Paper No. 2011-32-0606

Matheaus AC, Ryan TW, Daly D, Langer DA, Musculus MPB (2002) Effects of PuriNO _x ^™ water–diesel fuel emulsions on emissions and fuel economy in a heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2002-01-2891

Matsui Y, Kamimoto T, Matsuoka S (1982) Formation and oxidation processes of soot particulates in a DI diesel engine—an experimental study via the two-color method. SAE Paper No. 820464

Matthews R, Hall M, Anthony J, Ullmann T, Lewis D (2004) The texas diesel fuels project, part 2: comparisons of fuel consumption and emissions for a fuel/water emulsion and conventional diesel fuels. SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0087

Mohamad HM (2007) Ignition control of methane fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engines using additives. Int J Fuel 86:533–540CrossRef

Mohammadnejad M, Ghazvini M, Mahlia TMI (2014) Fuel economy standards for light duty vehicles and their potential to aid Iran toward achieving fuel saving and emissions reduction. Clean Technol Environ Policy 16:661–666CrossRef

Mohd A, Wira J (2010) Combustion performance and exhaust emission of DI diesel engine using various sources of waste cooking oil. In: Proceeding of AIP conference. Combustion and alternative fuel, Malaysia

Morozumi Y, Saito Y (2010) Effect of physical properties on microexplosion occurrence in water-in-oil emulsion droplets. Energy Fuels 24:1854–1859CrossRef

Muller DK, Schlader AF (1976) The effect of steam on flame temperature, burning velocity and carbon formation in hydrocarbon flames. Combust Flame 27:205–215CrossRef

Musculus MPB, Dec JE, Tree DR, Daly D, Langer D, Ryan TW (2002) Effects of water–fuel emulsions on spray and combustion processes in a heavy-duty DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2002-01-2892

Muzio LJ, Quartucy GC (1997) Implementing NO_x control: research to application. Prog Energy Combust Sci 23:233–266CrossRef

Nadeem M, Rangkuti C, Anuar K, Haq MRU, Tan IB, Shah SS (2006) Diesel engine performance and emission evaluation using emulsified fuels stabilized by conventional and Gemini surfactants. Fuel 85:2111–2119CrossRef

Nazha MAA, Crookes RJ (2001) Effect of water content on pollutant formation in a burning spray of water-in-diesel fuel emulsion. In: Proceeding of the Combustion Institute 20th symposium. Combustion, London

Nazha MAA, Rajukaruna H, Wagstaff SA (2011) The use of emulsion, water induction and EGR for controlling diesel engine emissions. SAE Paper No. 2001-01-1941

Ng JH, Ng HK, Gan S (2010) Advances in biodiesel fuel for application in compression ignition engines. Clean Technol Environ Policy 12:459–493CrossRef

Nishida K, Hiroyasu H (1989) Simplified three dimensional modelling of mixture formation and combustion in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 890269

Ocampo BR, Villasenor R, Diego M (2001) An experimental study of the effect of water content on combustion of heavy fuel-oil/water emulsion droplets. Combust Flame 126:45–54

Octavio A, Rosario B, Maria DC (2008) Diesel emissions from an emulsified fuel during engine transient operation. SAE Paper No. 2008-01-2430

Park JW, Huh KY, Lee JH (2001) Reduction of NO_x, smoke and brake specific fuel consumption with optimal injection timing and emulsion ratio of water emulsified fuel. J Automob Eng 215:83–93

Peter RH (2004) The application of magnesium hydroxide as a fire retardant and smoke-suppressing additive for polymers. InterScience 18:269–276

Prakash G (1999) Investigations on a Biogas–Diesel dual fuel engine. A Thesis for Master of Science (by Research), Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.I.T. Madras

Prakash G, Ramesh A, Anwar BS (1999) An Approach for estimation of ignition delay in a dual fuel engine. SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0232

Prockop LD, Chichkova RI (2007) Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review. J Neurol Sci 262:122–130CrossRef

Qi DH, Chen H, Matthews RD, Bian YZH (2010) Combustion and emissions characteristics of ethanol–biodiesel–water micro-emulsions used in a direct injection compression ignition engine. Fuel 89:958–964CrossRef

Roberts CE, Naegeli D, Chadwell C (2005) The effect of water on soot formation chemistry. SAE Paper No. 2005-01-3850

Sadhik BJ, Anand RB (2011a) An experimental study in a CI engine using nanoadditive blended water–diesel emulsion fuel. Int J Green Energy 8:332–348CrossRef

Sadhik BJ, Anand RB (2011b) An experimental investigation in a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes blended water–diesel emulsion fuel. J Power Energy 225:279–288CrossRef

Sadhik BJ, Anand RB (2012) Effects of nanoparticle additive in the water–diesel emulsion fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine. Int J Veh Des 59:164–181CrossRef

Samec N, Kegl B, Dibble RW (2002) Numerical and experimental study of water/oil emulsified fuel combustion in a diesel engine. Fuel 8:2035–2044CrossRef

Schmelzle P, Chandes K (2004) The challenge facing Aquazole: compatibility with new engine and DPF technologies. SAE Paper No. 2004-01-1885

Sheng HZ (1994) The droplet group microexplosions in water-in-oil emulsion sprays and their effects on diesel engine combustion. In: Symposium (international) of combustion, vol 25, pp 175–181

Singapore Emulsion Fuel (2015) Green living. http://www.sgef.com.sg/process.html. Accessed 26 April 2015

Singh N (2012) Experimental investigation of diesel emulsion as a fuel is small direct injection compression ignition engines. Int J Mech Eng 2:39–44

Sonar D, Soni SL, Sharma D, Srivastava A, Goyal R (2014) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with varying injection pressure and fuelled with raw mahua oil (preheated and blends) and mahua oil methyl ester. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17:15–27

Stanglmaier RH, Dingle PJ, Stewart DW (2008) Cycle-controlled water injection for steady-state and transient emissions reduction from a heavy-duty diesel engine. J Eng Gas Turbine Power 130:32–51CrossRef

Stein HJ (1996) Diesel oxidation catalysts for commercial vehicle engines: strategies on their application for controlling particulate emissions. Appl Catal B 10:69–79CrossRef

Stone R (1999) Introduction to internal combustion engines, 3rd edn. Macmillan Press Ltd., LondonCrossRef

Subramanian KA, Ramesh A (2001a) A study on the use of water–diesel emulsions in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2001-28-0005

Subramanian KA, Ramesh A (2001b) Experimental investigation on the use of water diesel emulsion with oxygen enriched air in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2001-01-0205

Subramanian KA, Ramesh A (2002) Use of diethyl ether along with water–diesel emulsion in a DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2002-01-2720

Subramanian KA, Ramesh A (2008) Use of hydrogen peroxide to improve the performance and reduce emissions of a CI engine fuelled with water diesel emulsions. SAE Paper No. 2008-01-0653

Svend H (1994) Influence of the fuel injection equipment on NO_x emissions and particulates on a large heavy-duty two-stroke diesel engine operating on water in fuel emulsion. SAE Paper No. 941743

Swati BW, Venkataramana R (2010) Effect of injection pressure and ethyl acetate additive on performance and emissions of water diesel emulsion fueled DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2010-01-1965

Tadashi M, Yasushi M, Minoru T, Noboru M (1978) Experimental reduction of NO_x, Smoke and BSFC in a Diesel engine using uniquely produced water (0–80 %) to fuel emulsion. SAE Paper No. 780224

Tanaka H, Kadota T, Segawa D, Nakaya S, Yamasaki H (2006) Effects of ambient pressure on micro-explosion of an emulsion droplet evaporating on a hot surface. JSME Int J 49:1345–1350CrossRef

Tauzia X, Maiboom A, Shah SR (2010) Experimental study of inlet manifold water injection on combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection diesel engine. Energy 35:3628–3639CrossRef

Thomas S, Thomas S (2006) The effect of water addition on HCCI Diesel combustion. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-3321

Tsukahara M, Yoshimoto Y (1992) Reduction of NO_x, Smoke, BSFC, and maximum combustion pressure by low compression ratios in a diesel engine fuelled by emulsified fuel. SAE Paper No. 920464

Turns SR (2000) An introduction to combustion, 2nd edn, vol 2000. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 124–125

Tzirakis E (2006) Diesel–water emulsion emissions and performance evaluation in public buses in Attica Basin. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-3398

Valdmanis E, Wulfhorst DE (1970) The effects of emulsified fuels and water induction on diesel combustion. SAE Paper No. 700736

Venkanna KB, Venkataramana RCS, Basaveshwar BVVS (2007) Performance and emission characteristics of a partially ceramic coated diesel engine using water diesel emulsion. SAE Paper No. 2007-32-0060

Vichnievsky R, Murat M, Parois A, Dujeu M (1975) Employment of fuel–water emulsions in compression ignition engines. In: Presented at CIMAC conference, Barcelona, Spain

Watanabe H, Suzuki Y, Harada T, Matsushita Y, Aoki H, Miura T (2010) An experimental investigation of the breakup characteristics of secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplet. Energy 35:806–813CrossRef

Wei Z, Zhaohui C, Yinggang S, Gequn S, Guisheng C, Biao X, Wei Z (2013) Influence of water emulsified diesel and oxygen-enriched air on diesel engine NO–smoke emissions and combustion characteristics. Energy 55:369–377CrossRef

Xiaoqi C, Arjan H, Valeri G, Ingemar D (2009) Combustion and emissions in a light-duty diesel engine using diesel–water emulsion and diesel–ethanol blends. SAE Paper No. 2009-01-2695

Yang WM, An H, Chou SK, Vedharaji S, Vallinagam R, Balaji M, Mohammad FEA, Chua KJE (2012) Emulsion fuel with novel nano-organic additives for diesel engine application. Fuel 104:726–731CrossRef

Yang WM, An H, Chou SK, Chua KJ, Mohan B, Sivasan KV, Raman V, Maghbouli A, Li J (2013) Impact of emulsion fuel with nano-organic additives on the performance of diesel engine. Appl Energy 112:1206–1212CrossRef

Zannis TC, Hountalas DTJ (2004) Effect of fuel aromatic content and structure on direct-injection diesel engine pollutant emissions. Inst Energy 77:16–25

Zeldovich YB (1946) Oxidation of nitrogen in combustion and explosion. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR Seriya A51:217–220

Zelenka P, Ostgathe K, Lox E (1990) Reduction in diesel exhaust emissions by using oxidation catalysts. SAE Paper No. 902111

Titel: Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions–A review
verfasst von: A. K. Hasannuddin
J. Y. Wira
R. Srithar
S. Sarah
M. I. Ahmad
S. A. Aizam
M. A. B. Aiman
M. Zahari
S. Watanabe
M. A. Azrin
S. S. Mohd
Publikationsdatum: 11.06.2015
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy / Ausgabe 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1618-954X
Elektronische ISSN: 1618-9558
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0986-x

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

Network optimization and performance evaluation of the water-use system in China’s straw pulp and paper industry: a case study

Physico-chemical foundations of produced syngas during gasification process of various hydrocarbon fuels

Analysis of forest residual biomass potential for bioenergy production in Spain

Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for sediment in Smolnik creek (Slovakia)

A decision support tool for communicating the environmental performance of products and organisations from the ceramic sector

Clean technology approach for the competitive binding of toxic metal ions onto MnO2 nano-bioextractant