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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Energy Modeling: Evaluating ZNE before the Utility Bills Arrive

verfasst von : Charles Eley

Erschienen in: Design Professional’s Guide to Zero Net Energy Buildings

Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

Lighting, heating, cooling, and other building systems don’t operate independently of each other; they interact in complex ways. Consider the following examples:

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Vorheriges Kapitel Here Comes the Sun: The Future of Renewable-Energy Systems

Nächstes Kapitel Making It All Work: Integrated Project Delivery, Commissioning, Intelligent Controls, and Mobile Devices

The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has a certification program for building-energy modelers. Qualified candidates sit for an exam, and when they pass, they become certified Building Energy Modeling Professionals (BEMP).

For an example of how a calibrated model can agree with utility bills, see: http://esl.tamu.edu/docs/terp/2002/ESL-HH-02-05-13.pdf. This is a case of the R. E. Johnson office building in Austin, Texas, where Jeff Haberl and others calibrated a model I developed during the design process. Another example is the Oakland Administration Building for which my former company did new building performance contracting; see: http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2000/data/papers/SS00_Panel4_Paper27.pdf.

Ed Dean, “Zero Net Energy Case Study Buildings,” Vol. 1, September 2014. This source contains six zero net-energy case studies (including the Packard Foundation) and is available at http://bit.ly/2a6J6v4. The second volume contains five zero net-energy case studies (including four retrofits) and is available at http://bit.ly/29VOVwx.

For instance, the first performance standards developed by the California Energy Commission in 1978 included a table of performance targets with building types in rows and climate zones in columns. The BEPS program developed by the federal government in about the same era included similar targets. The BEPS program never got off the ground, but the CEC standards existed until the mid-1980s in spite of many problems.

Zero-energy performance index (zEPI) is explained best in a research paper developed for Southern California Edison. See: http://eley.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/090722%20Rethinking%20Percent%20Savings%20Final.pdf. See also: http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/Rethinking_Percent_Savings.pdf.

CBECS 2003 is also the baseline for the ENERGY STAR program as well as the Architecture 2030 program, so the technical basis of zEPI is consistent with these programs.

Some incentive programs such as the early version of LEED offered credits for energy savings beyond code, but the savings percentages were calculated based only on regulated energy, which is the component of energy use for which the standard has requirements. Regulated energy includes lighting, HVAC, and water heating. Non-regulated components such as plug loads, elevators, and commercial refrigeration were not considered.

PCI is introduced in the performance rating method (appendix G) of Standard 90.1-2016, which was not yet released at the time of this writing. For a paper that discusses the benefits of the approach, see: http://eley.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/033-045_Rosenberg_WEB.pdf.

David B. Goldstein and Charles Eley, “A Classification of Building Energy-Performance Indices,” Energy Efficiency (magazine), February 2014, ISS 1570-646X, doi:10.1007/s12053-013-9248-0, http://eley.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/10.1007_s12053-013-9248-0.pdf.

Many of the COMNET assumptions, for instance plug loads, are based on the national 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption (CBEC) survey.

For official ASHRAE schedules, see: http://sspc901.ashraepcs.org/content.html.

Titel: Energy Modeling: Evaluating ZNE before the Utility Bills Arrive
verfasst von: Charles Eley
Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Buch: Design Professional’s Guide to Zero Net Energy Buildings
Print ISBN: 978-1-61091-823-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-61091-765-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-765-0_4

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