Introduction
Purpose of this research
Research framework
Learning environment preferences
Learning motivation
Learning strategy
Peer interaction
The relationships between learning environment preferences, LM, LS, and PI
The relational model and hypotheses
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Data collection and analysis
Results and discussion
Confirming the measurement model
Reliability | Convergent validity | Discriminant validity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha | CR | AVE | HOTS | LM | LS | PI | SCP | |
HOTS | 0.888 | 0.931 | 0.817 | 0.904 | ||||
LM | 0.833 | 0.923 | 0.857 | 0.427 | 0.926 | |||
LS | 0.863 | 0.936 | 0.880 | 0.415 | 0.651 | 0.938 | ||
PI | 0.858 | 0.934 | 0.876 | 0.728 | 0.302 | 0.394 | 0.936 | |
SCP | 0.951 | 0.959 | 0.747 | 0.265 | 0.510 | 0.543 | 0.307 | 0.865 |
Criteria | > 0.70 | > 0.70 | > 0.50 |
Structural equation modeling analysis
Analysis of indirect and total effects among key factors
Path | Effect value | Account (indirect/total) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SCP → LS | 47.4% | |||
Direct effect | SCP → LS | 0.286 | ||
Indirect effect | SCP → LM → LS | 0.510*0.505 = 0.258 | 0.258 | |
Total effect | 0.544 | |||
SCP → HOTS | 100% | |||
Direct effect | SCP → HOTS | 0.000 | ||
Indirect effect | SCP → LM → HOTS | 0.510*0.244 = 0.124 | 0.232 | |
SCP → LS → PI → HOTS | 0.286*0.298*0.665 = 0.057 | |||
SCP → LM → LS → PI → HOTS | 0.510*0.505*0.298*0.665 = 0.051 | |||
Total effect | 0.232 | |||
LM → HOTS | 29.1% | |||
Direct effect | LM → HOTS | 0.244 | ||
Indirect effect | LM → LS → PI → HOTS | 0.505*0.298*0.665 = 0.100 | 0.100 | |
Total effect | 0.344 |