Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Methods
Results and discussion
Mercury intrusion porosimetry
RO | BI | RV | BV | NA | CO | PA | ON | BO | AU | OR | M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total porosity | 3.55 | 2.20 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 27.17 | 28.52 | 0.57 | 1.10 | 1.72 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 1.06 |
Ø max | 216 | 215 | 379 | 394 | 371 | 221 | 221 | 216 | 235 | 273 | 211 | 215 |
Pore size range | ||||||||||||
< 0.5 | 2.27 | 1.80 | 0.06 | – | 11.90 | 11.24 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 1.24 | 3.69 | – | 0.36 |
0.5–2.5 | – | – | 0.06 | – | 15.11 | 2.10 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | – | – |
2.5–4.75 | – | – | 0.01 | – | – | 0.20 | 0.01 | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
4.75–24 | – | – | 0.07 | – | 0.02 | 6.06 | 0.02 | 0.06 | – | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
24–50 | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | 6.43 | – | 0.16 | – | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
50–70 | 0.02 | 0.12 | – | – | – | 0.89 | – | 0.03 | – | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
70–100 | 0.11 | 0.04 | – | 0.05 | – | 0.73 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
100–150 | 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.62 | – | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.21 |
150–200 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.17 | – | 0.13 | 0.14 |
200–250 | 0.10 | 0.03 | – | 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
> 250 | – | – | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.09 | – | 0.08 | – | – | 0.04 | – | – |
Porosity by digital imaging analysis of SEM-BSE images
RO | BI | RV | BV | NA | CO | PA | ON | BO | AU | OR | M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total porosity | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.64 | 0.03 | 24.97 | 17.33 | 0.95 | 1.63 | 4.11 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 2.11 |
Ø max Feret | 66 | 319 | 181 | 134 | 2067 | 584 | 285 | 112 | 320 | 235 | 169 | 233 |
Pore size range | ||||||||||||
0.5–2.5 | – | 0.05 | 0.22 | – | 0.49 | 1.11 | 0.17 | 0.90 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
2.5–4.75 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 1.09 |
4.75–25 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 3.25 | 2.10 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 1.84 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.49 |
25–50 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | – | 2.17 | 1.33 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
50–70 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.37 | 0.97 | 0.04 | – | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
70–100 | – | – | 0.03 | – | 1.55 | 1.46 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
100–150 | – | 0.01 | 0.02 | – | 2.13 | 2.16 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
150–200 | – | – | 0.03 | – | 1.69 | 1.98 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.10 | – | 0.01 | 0.02 |
200–250 | – | – | – | – | 1.47 | 1.78 | 0.01 | – | 0.04 | 0.03 | – | 0.04 |
250–360 | – | 0.01 | – | – | 10.11 | 3.44 | 0.02 | – | 0.22 | – | – | – |
> 360 | – | – | – | – | 7.85 | 2.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Porosity by micro-CT measurements
RO | BI | RV | BV | NA | CO | PA | ON | BO | AU | OR | M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total porosity | 0.28 | 1.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 8.96 | 13.53 | 0.73 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.21 | 1.07 | 0.04 |
Ø max | 23 | 33 | 42 | 71 | 308 | 241 | 33 | 33 | 147 | 270 | 90 | 33 |
FD | 2.69 | 2.83 | 2.69 | 2.36 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.80 | 2.86 | 2.63 | 2.46 | 2.80 | 2.28 |
Pore-size range | ||||||||||||
4.75–25 | 0.28 | 1.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 6.57 | 6.43 | 0.73 | 1.50 | 1.22 | 0.44 | 1.05 | 0.04 |
25–50 | – | – | – | – | 1.73 | 4.32 | – | – | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.02 | – |
50–70 | – | – | – | – | 0.51 | 1.26 | – | – | 0.00 | 0.13 | – | – |
70–100 | – | – | – | – | 0.08 | 0.93 | – | – | – | 0.10 | – | – |
100–150 | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | 0.46 | – | – | – | 0.06 | – | – |
150–200 | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | 0.11 | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – |
200–250 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | 0.01 | – | – |
> 250 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.01 | – | – |
Comparing results from the different techniques
Pore size range | Method | RO | BI | RV | BV | NA | CO | PA | ON | BO | AU | OR | M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0.5 | MIP | 2.27 | 1.80 | 0.06 | – | 11.90 | 13.34 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 1.24 | 3.70 | – | 0.30 | |
OPR-1 | 0.5–4.75 | MIP | – | – | 0.01 | – | 15.11 | – | 0.01 | – | 0.06 | – | – | 0.04 |
DIA | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 1.33 | 2.11 | 0.36 | 1.36 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 1.15 | ||
OPR-2 | 4.75–360 | MIP | 1.27 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 15.18 | 0.14 | 1.02 | 0.43 | 0.92 | 0.39 | 0.66 |
DIA | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 15.90 | 13.12 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 3.79 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.96 | ||
m-CT | 0.28 | 1.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 8.96 | 13.51 | 0.73 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.07 | 0.04 | ||
> 360 | DIA | – | – | – | – | 7.85 | 2.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Pore estimation and cumulative curves
Method | RO | BI | RV | BV | NA | CO | PA | ON | BO | AU | OR | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIP | 3.54 | 2.20 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 27.17 | 28.52 | 0.57 | 1.10 | 1.72 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 1.06 |
MIP + DIA | 2.44 | 2.04 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 36.98 | 30.33 | 1.59 | 1.71 | 5.64 | 4.22 | 0.42 | 2.43 |
MIP + m-CT | 2.55 | 2.84 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 35.99 | 27.15 | 1.37 | 1.51 | 2.60 | 4.95 | 1.07 | 0.40 |
St.D.(MIP+DIA vs MIP) | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 6.94 | 1.28 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 2.77 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.97 |
St.D.(MIP+m-CT vs MIP) | 0.71 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 6.24 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.47 |