nach oben

Sexuality Research and Social Policy

Erschienen in:

21.09.2022

“Far More Than a Deal”: Sexual and Gender Minorities’ Experiences of the Rental Housing Market in Hong Kong

verfasst von: Tsz Kwan Pang, Leo Zephyrus Chow, Yu-Te Huang

Erschienen in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy | Ausgabe 4/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Introduction

Housing has been a long-standing public issue in Hong Kong, while little scholarly or public attention has been paid to the discrimination encountered by sexual and gender minorities seeking or living in rented accommodation.

Methods

This mixed-method study explored sexual and gender minorities’ experiences of renting accommodation in Hong Kong. In 2021, one-hundred and forty-six online questionnaires were collected, and thirteen individuals participated in subsequent semi-structured interviews.

Results

Almost two-thirds of respondents perceived that disclosing their sexual orientation or gender identity would jeopardize the rental process. While 44% had encountered rental discrimination, only 6.2% had sought help. The qualitative interviews indicated that sexual and gender minorities rented to cohabit with their partner or avoid family conflict. Many interviewees highlighted an intricate characteristic of discrimination in the rented accommodation market—their elusiveness and subtle nature. However, they gave explicit accounts of experience of micro-aggression and overt discrimination in their interaction with property owners or agents, along with three strategies to hide their sexual orientation or gender identity during the rental process: filtering, camouflage, and deception.

Conclusions

This study provides compelling accounts of the existence and operation of discrimination faced by sexual and gender minorities in Hong Kong’s rental housing market. Legal protection, public education, and advocacy are needed.

Policy Implications

The government should commit to an inclusive society by enacting anti-discrimination policies protecting sexual and gender minorities from exploitation in the rental market.

Vorheriger Artikel Does Policy Matter? The Impact of State and City Anti-Discrimination Policy on the Discrimination Experiences of Trans and Nonbinary People

Nächster Artikel Psychological Well-Being of Trans* People in Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Critical Issues and Personal Experiences

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Ahmed, A. M., & Hammarstedt, M. (2009). Detecting discrimination against homosexuals: Evidence from a field experiment on the Internet. Economica, 76 (303), 588–597. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40268943

Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L., & Hammarstedt, M. (2008). Are lesbians discriminated against in the rental housing market? Evidence from a correspondence testing experiment. Journal of Housing Economics, 17(3), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2008.06.003CrossRef

Andersson, L., Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2012). A field experiment of discrimination in the Norwegian housing market: Gender, class, and ethnicity. Land Economics, 88(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.88.2.233CrossRef

Barrow, A. (2020). Sexual orientation, gender identity, and equality in Hong Kong: Rights, resistance, and possibilities for reform. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 15(1), 126–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2020.2CrossRef

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oaCrossRef

Census and Statistics Department. (2017). 2016 population by-census: Main results. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Retrieved on July 4, 2022 from https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/

Census and Statistics Department. (2022). Housing and property. Retrieved on June 17, 2022, from https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/scode100.html#section4

Chan, R. C. H. & Huang, Y-T. (2022). A typology of intergenerational relationships between Taiwanese gay and bisexual adult children and their parents: Negotiating outness and co-residence in Chinese families. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19, 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00542-5

Chung, C. Y., & Pun, N. (2007). Neoliberalization and privatization in Hong Kong after the 1997 financial crisis. China Review, 7(2), 65–92.

Chung, R. Y. N., Chung, G. K. K., Gordon, D., Mak, J. K. L., Zhang, L. F., Chan, D., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020). Housing affordability effects on physical and mental health: Household survey in a population with the world’s greatest housing affordability stress. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212286CrossRefPubMed

Clair, J. A., Beatty, J. E., & Maclean, T. L. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2005.15281431CrossRef

Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-methods research: A discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2.20

Downing, J. M., & Rosenthal, E. (2020). Prevalence of social determinants of health among sexual minority women and men in 2017. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(1), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.007CrossRefPubMed

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on a spoiled identity. Prentice Hall.

Gou, Z., Xie, X., Lu, Y., & Khoshbakht, M. (2018). Quality of life (QoL) survey in Hong Kong: Understanding the importance of housing environment and needs of residents from different housing sectors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020219CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1525822X05279903

Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508316477CrossRefPubMed

Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014672CrossRef

Hinz, T. (2016). No place to stay? Discrimination patterns in the German and American rental housing markets. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Retrieved on March 21, 2022 from https://www.aicgs.org/publication/no-place-to-stay/

Hoang, A. P. (2019). Regulating sexual and gender minority youth: Heteronormativity through Hong Kong schooling. China Journal of Social Work, 12(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2019.1690206CrossRef

Huang, Y. T., & Chan, R. C. H. (2022). Effects of sexual orientation concealment on well-being among sexual minorities: How and when does concealment hurt? Journal of Counseling Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000623CrossRefPubMed

Huang, Y-T., Chan, R. C. H., & Cui, L. (2020). Filial piety, internalized homonegativity, and depressive symptoms among Taiwanese non-heterosexual men: A mediation analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(3), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000439

Kachen, A., Pharr, J. R., Chien, L. C., & Flatt, J. D. (2022). Creating a minority stress index to examine mental health impacts of discrimination among transgender and gender nonbinary adults. LGBT Health, 9(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0088CrossRefPubMed

Koehler, D., Harley, G., & Menzies, N. (2018). Discrimination against sexual minorities in education and housing: Evidence from two field experiments in Serbia. Policy Research Working Paper 8504. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/984981530325803523/pdf/WPS8504.pdf

Kong, T. S., Lau, S. H., & Li, E. C. (2015). The fourth wave? A critical reflection on the tongzhi movement in Hong Kong (pp.188–201). In McLelland, M., & Mackie, V. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sexuality studies in East Asia. Milton: Routledge.

Kwok, D. K. (2016). School experience of Chinese sexual minority students in Hong Kong. Journal of LGBT Youth, 13(4), 378–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2016.1202803CrossRef

Kwok, D. K., Winter, S., & Yuen, M. (2012). Heterosexism in school: The counselling experience of Chinese Tongzhi students in Hong Kong. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 40(5), 561–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.718735CrossRef

Kwok, K., & Wu, J. (2015). Chinese attitudes towards sexual minorities in Hong Kong: Implications for mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 444–454. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083950CrossRefPubMed

Lau, H., & Stotzer, R. L. (2011). Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation: A Hong Kong study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 23, 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-010-9150-2CrossRef

Lauster, N., & Easterbrook, A. (2011). No room for new families? A field experiment measuring rental discrimination against same-sex couples and single parents. Social Problems, 58(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2011.58.3.389CrossRef

Li, L. H. & Cheung, K. (2017). Housing price and transaction intensity correlation in Hong Kong: implications for government housing policy. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 32, 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-016-9512-7

Loper, K., Lau, H., Lau, C., & Suen, Y. (2019). Public attitudes towards transgender people and antidiscrimination legislation. Research Paper No. 2019/035. Centre for Comparative and Public Law, Faculty of Law. Retrieved July 4, 2022 at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3387194

Meyer, I. H. (2019). Experiences of discrimination among lesbian, gay and bisexual people in the US. The Williams Institute. Retrieved on March 21, 2022 from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGB-Discrimination-Work.pdf

Nadal, K. L. (2008). Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability, and religious microaggressions: Recommendations for promoting positive mental health. Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice and Training, 2, 22–27.

Nadal, K. L., Issa, M., Leon, J., Meterko, V., Wideman, M., & Wong, Y. (2011). Sexual orientation microaggressions: Death by a thousand cuts for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 8(3), 234–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2011.584204CrossRef

National Public Radio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, & Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2017). Discrimination in America: Experiences and views of LGBTQ Americans. Retrieved on March 21, 2022 from https://www.npr.org/documents/2017/nov/npr-discrimination-lgbtq-final.pdf

Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328CrossRefPubMed

Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2018). Hidden from happiness: Structural stigma, sexual orientation concealment, and life satisfaction across 28 countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(5), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000299CrossRefPubMed

Ragins, B. R., Singh, R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2007). Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1103–1118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1103CrossRefPubMed

Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., & Horne, S. (2010). Does it matter where you live? Nondiscrimination laws and the experiences of LGB residents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-010-0016-zCrossRef

Scambler, G. (2004). Re-framing stigma: Felt and enacted stigma and challenges to the sociology of chronic and disabling conditions. Social Theory & Health, 2, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700012CrossRef

Schwegman, D. (2019). Rental market discrimination against same-sex couples: Evidence from a pairwise-matched email correspondence test. Housing Policy Debate, 29(2), 250–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1512005CrossRef

Suen, Y. T., Wong, W. C. A., Barrow, A., Wong, M. Y., Mak, W. S., Choi, P. K., & Lau, T. F. (2016). Study on legislation against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status. Hong Kong: Equal Opportunities Commission; Gender Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong. https://www.eoc.hk/eoc/upload/2016215992143710.pdf

Suen, Y. T., & Wong, M. Y. (2017). Male homosexuality in Hong Kong: A 20-year review of public attitudes towards homosexuality and experiences of discrimination self-reported by gay men. In X. Lin, C. Haywood, & M. Mac an Ghaill (Eds,), East Asian men: Masculinity, sexuality, and desire (pp. 69–81). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Tang, D. (2014). Perspectives on same-sex sexualities and self-harm amongst service providers and teachers in Hong Kong. Sex Education, 14(4), 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2014.920249CrossRef

Vernon, K., & Yik, A. (2012). Hong Kong LGBT climate study, 2011–12: Attitudes to and experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees. Community Business. https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/report/LGBT2011_12/content/respurces/report.pdf

Yeo, T. E. D. & Chu, T. H. (2018) Beyond homonegativity: Understanding Hong Kong people’s attitudes about social acceptance of gay/lesbian people, sexual orientation discrimination protection, and same-sex marriage. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(10), 1372–1390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1375363

Yılmaz, V., & Göçmen, İ. (2016). Denied citizens of Turkey: Experiences of discrimination among LGBT individuals in employment, housing and health care. Gender, Work, and Organization, 23(5), 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12122CrossRef

Titel: “Far More Than a Deal”: Sexual and Gender Minorities’ Experiences of the Rental Housing Market in Hong Kong
verfasst von: Tsz Kwan Pang
Leo Zephyrus Chow
Yu-Te Huang
Publikationsdatum: 21.09.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy / Ausgabe 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-9884
Elektronische ISSN: 1553-6610
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00766-z

Springer Professional

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Policy Implications

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2022

Social and Cultural Correlates of Identity Management Strategies Among Lesbian and Gay People: The Role of Intergroup Structure and Self-Construal

Evaluation of the Transfer of Training for a Sexual Assault Resistance Program Enhanced with Sexuality Education

Inclusive Psychotherapy for Sexual Minority Adults: the Role of the Therapeutic Alliance

Sexuality-based Stigma and Inclusion Among Southern Protestant Religious Leaders

Coming out Experiences and Disclosure gap in Three Age Cohorts of Portuguese Cisgender Sexual Minority Men

Experiences and Needs of Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults with a History of Suicidal Ideation Regarding Formal and Informal Mental Healthcare