nach oben

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Erschienen in:

01.06.2022 | Original Paper

Feasibility of Artificial Materials in Simulating Rock Failure Based on Rate-Dependent Brittleness Indexes

verfasst von: Chunjiang Zou, Suo Yingying, Kai Liu, Yi Cheng, Jianchun Li

Erschienen in: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering | Ausgabe 8/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

With the development of 3D printing and computer numerical control machining techniques, extremely complicated models physically simulating the underground structures in rock engineering were conducted. Whether these artificial materials can accurately simulate the cracking and failure modes of natural rocks should be studied. The present study uses an artificial material-moulded gypsum to compare with the mechanical behaviours of natural marble from the perspective of brittleness. The comparison can provide an insight into the feasibility of the physical simulation. In addition, to investigate the strain rate influence on brittleness with the background of dynamic loading related to rock engineering, the rate dependence of the brittleness is investigated considering the size effect. Six types of brittleness indexes proposed in the quasi-static loadings are studied under various loading rates with strain rates ranging from 10^–6 to 10³ s⁻¹. The result indicates that not all the brittleness indexes are applicable in the dynamic regime. Two brittleness indexes are suggested to evaluate the dynamic gypsum brittleness due to its reasonable depiction of real dynamic brittleness. Gypsum is more brittle than marble under both quasi-static and dynamic loadings based on the analysis of brittleness indexes and cracking behaviour. Meanwhile, the experimental and numerical results confirm the influence of the brittleness of material on the cracking behaviours and imply that the artificial material should be assessed to ensure the validity and feasibility before the physical simulation of rock structures in engineering.

Vorheriger Artikel Damage Evolution of Rock Slopes Under Seismic Motions Using Shaking Table Test

Nächster Artikel Research on the Damage Evolution of the Confined Water Floor Cracks in the Deep Stope Based on the Macro–Micro Study

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Ai C, Zhang J, Li Y-w, Zeng J, Yang X-l, Wang J-g (2016) Estimation criteria for rock brittleness based on energy analysis during the rupturing process. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:4681–4698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1078-xCrossRef

Akinbinu VA (2017) Relationship of brittleness and fragmentation in brittle compression. Eng Geol 221:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.029CrossRef

Alber M, Hauptfleisch U (1999) Generation and visualization of microfractures in Carrara marble for estimating fracture toughness, fracture shear and fracture normal stiffness. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:1065–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(99)00069-6CrossRef

Altindag R (2002) The evaluation of rock brittleness concept on rotary blast hole drills. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 102:61–66

Altindag R (2003) Correlation of specific energy with rock brittleness concepts on rock cutting. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 103:163–171

Altindag R (2010) Assessment of some brittleness indexes in rock-drilling efficiency. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-009-0057-xCrossRef

Altindag R, Guney A (2010) Predicting the relationships between brittleness and mechanical properties (UCS, TS and SH) of rocks. Sci Res Essays 5:2107–2118

Andreev GE (1995) Brittle failure of rock materials. Taylor & Francis, Oxfordshire

Atkinson BK (1979) Fracture toughness of Tennessee Sandstone and Carrara Marble using the double torsion testing method. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomechs Abstr 16:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(79)90774-5CrossRef

Bieniawski ZT, Bernede MJ (1979) Suggested methods for determining the uniaxial compressive strength and deformability of rock materials: Part 1. Suggested method for determination of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16:137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(79)91450-5CrossRef

Bing D, Guicheng H, Zhijun Z (2018) A Numerical Research on Crack Process of Gypsum Containing Single Flaw with Different Angle and Length in Uniaxial Loading. Shock Vib 2018:16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2968205CrossRef

Bobby SS, Singamneni S (2014) Influence of moisture in the gypsum moulds made by 3D printing. Procedia Eng 97:1618–1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.312CrossRef

Brostow W, Hagg Lobland HE (2010) Brittleness of materials: implications for composites and a relation to impact strength. J Mater Sci 45:242–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3926-5CrossRef

Chang L, Konietzky H, Frühwirt T (2019) Strength anisotropy of rock with crossing joints: results of physical and numerical modeling with gypsum models. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2293–2317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1714-8CrossRef

Chen WW (2011) Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar design, testing and applications. Springer, New YorkCrossRef

Cheng Y, Wong LNY, Maruvanchery V (2016) Transgranular Crack Nucleation in Carrara Marble of Brittle Failure. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3069–3082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0976-2CrossRef

Cheng Y, Wong LNY, Zou C (2013) Evolution of en-echelon flaws to a shear rupture in moulded gypsum under uniaxial compression. In: 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013, June 23, 2013 - June 26, 2013, San Francisco, CA, United states. 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013. American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA), pp 1102–1109

Cho SH, Ogata Y, Kaneko K (2003) Strain-rate dependency of the dynamic tensile strength of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 40:763–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(03)00072-8CrossRef

Colmenares LB, Zoback MD (2002) A statistical evaluation of intact rock failure criteria constrained by polyaxial test data for five different rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 39:695–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00048-5CrossRef

Dai F, Xia K, Zheng H, Wang YX (2011) Determination of dynamic rock Mode-I fracture parameters using cracked chevron notched semi-circular bend specimen. Eng Fract Mech 78:2633–2644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.06.022CrossRef

Darlington W, Ranjith P, Choi S (2011) The effect of specimen size on strength and other properties in laboratory testing of rock and rock-like cementitious brittle materials. Rock Mech Rock Eng 44:513–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0161-6CrossRef

Dursun AE, Gokay M (2016) Cuttability assessment of selected rocks through different brittleness values. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:1173–1190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0810-2CrossRef

Erarslan N, Williams DJ (2012) Experimental, numerical and analytical studies on tensile strength of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 49:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.11.007CrossRef

Gong QM, Zhao J (2007) Influence of rock brittleness on TBM penetration rate in Singapore granite. Tunnelling Underground Space Technol 22:317–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2006.07.004CrossRef

Goodway B, Perez M, Varsek J, Abaco C (2010) Seismic petrophysics and isotropic-anisotropic AVO methods for unconventional gas exploration. Leading Edge (tulsa, Okla) 29:1500–1508. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3525367CrossRef

Hajiabdolmajid V, Kaiser P (2003) Brittleness of rock and stability assessment in hard rock tunneling. Tunnelling Underground Space Technol 18:35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00100-1CrossRef

Hao Y, Hao H (2012) Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Rock Materials at High Strain Rate. Rock Mech Rock Eng:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0268-4

He M, Jia X, Coli M, Livi E, Sousa L (2012) Experimental study of rockbursts in underground quarrying of Carrara marble. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.02.006CrossRef

Hetényi M (1950) Handbook of experimental stress analysis. Wiley, New York

Hoek E, Brown ET (1981) Underground excavations in rock. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London

Hucka V, Das B (1974) Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 11:389–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(74)91109-7CrossRef

ISRM (1978) Suggested methods for determining tensile strength of rock materials. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 15:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90003-7CrossRef

Jaeger JC, Cook NGW, Zimmerman RW (2007) Fundamentals of rock mechanics. 4th edn. Blackwell Pub., Malden, MA

Jiang C, Zhao G-F, Zhu J, Zhao Y-X, Shen L (2016) Investigation of Dynamic Crack Coalescence Using a Gypsum-Like 3D Printing Material. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3983–3998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0967-3CrossRef

Kahraman S (2002) Correlation of TBM and drilling machine performances with rock brittleness. Eng Geol 65:269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00137-5CrossRef

Kahraman S, Altindag R (2004) A brittleness index to estimate fracture toughness. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.07.010CrossRef

Kandula N, Cordonnier B, Boller E, Weiss J, Dysthe DK, Renard F (2019) Dynamics of Microscale Precursors During Brittle Compressive Failure in Carrara Marble. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124:6121–6139. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017381CrossRef

Ko TY, Lee SS (2020) Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions. Appl Sci 10:719. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020719CrossRef

Kong L, Ostadhassan M, Li C, Tamimi N (2018a) Can 3-D Printed Gypsum Samples Replicate Natural Rocks? An Experimental Study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:3061–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1520-3CrossRef

Kong L, Ostadhassan M, Li C, Tamimi N (2018b) Pore characterization of 3D-printed gypsum rocks: a comprehensive approach. J Mater Sci 53:5063–5078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1953-1CrossRef

Kubota S, Ogata Y, Wada Y, Simangunsong G, Shimada H, Matsui K (2008) Estimation of dynamic tensile strength of sandstone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45:397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.07.003CrossRef

Lawn BR, Marshall DB (1979) Hardness, Toughness, and Brittleness: An Indentation Analysis. J Am Ceram Soc 62:347–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1979.tb19075.xCrossRef

Li H, Li J, Zhao J (2011) Laboratory compressive and tensile testing of rock dynamic properties. In: Zhao J (ed) Advances in Rock Dynamics and Applications. CRC Press, pp 125–142. http://doi.org/10.1201/b11077-7

Lok TS, Li XB, Liu D, Zhao PJ (2002) Testing and response of large diameter brittle materials subjected to high strain rate. J Mater Civ Eng 14:262–269. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2002)14:3(262)CrossRef

Lowmunkong R, Sohmura T, Suzuki Y, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K (2009) Fabrication of freeform bone-filling calcium phosphate ceramics by gypsum 3D printing method. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 90:531–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31314CrossRef

Luan X, Di B, Wei J, Li X, Qian K, Xie J, Ding P (2014) Laboratory Measurements of Brittleness Anisotropy in Synthetic Shale with Different Cementation. Paper presented at the 2014 SEG Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2014/10/29/

Ma G, Hao H, Wang F (2011) Simulations of explosion-induced damage to underground rock chambers. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 3:19–29CrossRef

Mahmutoglu Y (2006) The effects of strain rate and saturation on a micro-cracked marble. Eng Geol 82:137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.001CrossRef

Menetrey P, Willam K (1995) Triaxial failure criterion for concrete and its generalization. ACI Struct J 92:311–318

Meng F, Zhou H, Zhang C, Xu R, Lu J (2015) Evaluation Methodology of Brittleness of Rock Based on Post-Peak Stress-Strain Curves. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1787–1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0694-6CrossRef

Mikaeil R, Ataei M, Yousefi R (2013) Correlation of production rate of ornamental stone with rock brittleness indexes. Arabian J Geosci 6:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0311-xCrossRef

Morgan S, Johnson C, Einstein H (2013) Cracking processes in Barre granite: fracture process zones and crack coalescence. Int J Fract 180:177–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-013-9810-yCrossRef

Obert L, Duvall WI (1967) Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock. Wiley, New York

Ramsay JG (2003) Folding and Fracturing of Rocks. Blackburn Press,

Ren M-y, Zhang Q-y, Chen S-y, Zhang L-y, Jiao Y-y, Xiang W (2020) Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Anchored Rock-Like Material with Weak Interlayer Under Uniaxial Compression. Geotech Geol Eng 38:4545–4556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01309-2CrossRef

Rösler J, Harders H, Baeker M (2007) Mechanical Behaviour of Engineering Materials: Metals. Ceramics, Polymers, and Composites. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73448-2_5CrossRef

Scherrer SS, Denry IL, Wiskott HWA (1998) Comparison of three fracture toughness testing techniques using a dental glass and a dental ceramic. Dent Mater 14:246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(98)00032-3CrossRef

Sebastian R, Sitharam TG (2018) Resonant Column Tests and Nonlinear Elasticity in Simulated Rocks. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:155–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1308-xCrossRef

Seltzer R, Cisilino AP, Frontini PM, Mai Y-W (2011) Determination of the Drucker–Prager parameters of polymers exhibiting pressure-sensitive plastic behaviour by depth-sensing indentation. Int J Mech Sci 53:471–478. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.04.002

Sharafisafa M, Shen L, Zheng Y, Xiao J (2019) The effect of flaw filling material on the compressive behaviour of 3D printed rock-like discs. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 117:105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.03.031CrossRef

Song L, Jiang Q, Shi Y-E, Feng X-T, Li Y, Su F, Liu C (2018) Feasibility Investigation of 3D Printing Technology for Geotechnical Physical Models: Study of Tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:2617–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1504-3CrossRef

Sun W, Wu S-c, Zhou Y, Zhou J-x (2019) Comparison of crack processes in single-flawed rock-like material using two bonded–particle models under compression. Arabian J Geosci 12:156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4327-yCrossRef

Tan W-H, Ba J, Guo M-Q, Li H, Zhang L, Yu T, Chen H (2018) Brittleness characteristics of tight oil siltstones. Appl Geophys 15:175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11770-018-0680-yCrossRef

Tarasov BG, Potvin Y (2012) Absolute, relative and intrinsic rock brittleness at compression. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Perth, 38–30 March

Tarasov B, Potvin Y (2013) Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 59:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.12.011CrossRef

Ulusay R (2015) The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007–2014. 1st ed. 2015. edn. Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,

Wong LNY, Einstein HH (2009) Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 1. macroscopic observations and interpretation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 42:475–511CrossRef

Wong LNY, Jong M (2014) Water Saturation Effects on the Brazilian Tensile Strength of Gypsum and Assessment of Cracking Processes Using High-Speed Video. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1103–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0436-1CrossRef

Wong RHC, Law CM, Chau KT, Zhu W-s (2004) Crack propagation from 3-D surface fractures in PMMA and marble specimens under uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(Supplement 1):37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.016CrossRef

Wong LNY, Zou C, Cheng Y (2014) Fracturing and failure behavior of Carrara marble in quasistatic and dynamic Brazilian disc tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1117–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0465-9CrossRef

Wu W, Zhang W, Ma G (2010) Mechanical properties of copper slag reinforced concrete under dynamic compression. Constr Build Mater 24:910–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.001CrossRef

Xavier B, Pascal F, René G, François H (2003) The role of surface and volume defects in the fracture of glass under quasi-static and dynamic loadings. J Non-Cryst Solids 316:42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(02)01936-1CrossRef

Xu J, Li Z (2019) Crack propagation and coalescence of step-path failure in rocks. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:965–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1661-4CrossRef

Yagiz S (2009) Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol 24:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.04.002CrossRef

Zhang Q, Zhao J (2014a) A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1411–1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0463-yCrossRef

Zhang QB, Zhao J (2014b) Quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of rock materials: phenomena and mechanisms. Int J Fract 189:1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-014-9959-zCrossRef

Zhang D, Ranjith PG, Perera MSA (2016) The brittleness indices used in rock mechanics and their application in shale hydraulic fracturing: a review. J Petrol Sci Eng 143:158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.02.011CrossRef

Zhang X-n, Shan R-l, Zhang L (2018) Experimental research on propagation evolution with rock-like cracks of the CFST short columns. Geotech Geol Eng 36:1863–1872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0437-zCrossRef

Zhao J, Li HB, Wu MB, Li TJ (1999) Dynamic uniaxial compression tests on a granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00008-XCrossRef

Zhao C, Yi MZ, Chun FZ, Bao C (2018) Cracking processes and coalescence modes in rock-like specimens with two parallel pre-existing cracks. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:3377–3393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1525-yCrossRef

Zhou T, Zhu JB (2018) Identification of a suitable 3D printing material for mimicking brittle and hard rocks and its brittleness enhancements. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:765–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1335-7CrossRef

Zhou YX et al (2012) Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 49:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.10.004CrossRef

Zhou X-P, Wang Y-T, Zhang J-Z, Liu F-N (2019) Fracturing behavior study of three-flawed specimens by uniaxial compression and 3D digital image correlation: sensitivity to brittleness. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:691–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1600-4CrossRef

Zou C, Li H (2021) Combined numerical and experimental studies on the dynamic and quasi-static failure modes of brittle rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 148:104957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104957CrossRef

Zou C, Wong LNY (2014a) Experimental studies on cracking processes and failure in marble under dynamic loading. Eng Geol 173:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.02.003CrossRef

Zou C, Wong LNY (2014b) Study of Mechanical Properties and Fracturing Processes of Carrara Marble in Dynamic Brazilian Tests by Two Optical Observation Methods. In: Rock Mechanics and Its Applications in Civil, Mining, and Petroleum Engineering. pp 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413395.004

Zou C, Wong LNY (2016) Size and geometry effects on the mechanical properties of carrara marble under dynamic loadings. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:1695–1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0899-3CrossRef

Zou C, Wong LNY, Loo JJ, Gan BS (2016) Different mechanical and cracking behaviors of single-flawed brittle gypsum specimens under dynamic and quasi-static loadings. Eng Geol 201:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.014CrossRef

Titel: Feasibility of Artificial Materials in Simulating Rock Failure Based on Rate-Dependent Brittleness Indexes
verfasst von: Chunjiang Zou
Suo Yingying
Kai Liu
Yi Cheng
Jianchun Li
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2022
Verlag: Springer Vienna
Erschienen in: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering / Ausgabe 8/2022
Print ISSN: 0723-2632
Elektronische ISSN: 1434-453X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02902-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2022

Introducing Tree-Based-Regression Models for Prediction of Hard Rock TBM Performance with Consideration of Rock Type

Effects of Water Saturation on the Dynamic Compression and Fragmentation Response of Gabbroic Rock

Research on the Damage Evolution of the Confined Water Floor Cracks in the Deep Stope Based on the Macro–Micro Study

Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock in Underground Chamber Excavation of Coral Reef Limestone

A Bayesian Approach for In-Situ Stress Prediction and Uncertainty Quantification for Subsurface Engineering

The Failure and River Blocking Mechanism of Large-Scale Anti-dip Rock Landslide Induced by Earthquake