4. Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Iron-Based Materials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications

Fluoride is a common element found in many minerals and rocks, and its widespread distribution and high concentration in groundwater have raised serious concerns. Adsorption is one of the most efficient approaches that have been suggested for removing it from aquatic environments. Iron-based materials, such as nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), modified nZVI, spinel ferrites, Fe-based metal–organic frameworks, and their composites, have recently gained a lot of attention because of their even greater fluoride removal efficiencies from an aqueous solution compared to those from other adsorbents. The most popular iron-based substances used in fluoride elimination are described in this chapter. Their methods of preparation and characterization were categorised and presented in groups. The authors also explained how these materials could be used to effectively remove fluoride from water. For a comprehensive understanding of the fluoride removal mechanisms of fluoride, commonly used adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamic analysis are completely described. Subsequently, research on regeneration and recycling was addressing these issues. According to the results, fluoride may be effectively removed from water using materials with an iron base. However, several current obstacles need to be addressed further to enable their actual application in fluoride removal.