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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. From Political Development Theory to Policy Process Theory

Construction of the Middle-Range Theory in the Study of Political Reform in China

verfasst von : Xianglin Xu

Erschienen in: Social Transformation and State Governance in China

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

China’s political reform, which began in the 1980s, is a historical event that has had a huge impact on political development in contemporary China. This political reform movement is a change driven by specific political leaders under certain historical conditions. Twenty years later, this political reform is still moving forward in its original form. The political changes brought about by the reform—the characteristics, ways and methods, and their astonishing persistence—put forward new research topics for the existing theoretical system of political development and political change.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Transformation Crises and Adaptive Governance in China: A Historical Comparative Perspective

Nächstes Kapitel Gradual Political Reform in China Based on Political Stability

Theoretical hermeneutists not only seek accurate summaries and explanations of facts, but also seek reasons to answer purposive actions related to social ideas. To this end, theoretical interpretations first need to establish a normative standard that can be directly evaluated, and then they must establish the link between these normative norms and generalize a causal theory that can explain, to the greatest possible extent, the coherence and understandability of the practical actions of a particular society with the practices and traditions of other societies. See Eckstein (1975); and Donald Moon, “The Political Inquiry: A Synthesis of Opposed Perspectives,” ibid., p. 173.

For example, in his book The Political Man, Lipset argued that social modernization is inextricably linked to political democracy and the two are mutually reinforcing. Once a country reaches a higher literacy rate, a stronger social mobility and more radio and television content will speed up its democratization; see The Political Man, The Commercial Press, 1993, pp. 33–40. According to Shils, historical development or evolution is the way to modernity; that is, on the path towards democracy, emerging countries must be founded on the principle of equality for all, …going towards modernity is going towards science, …modernity is Westernization; see Shils (1966).

Pye (1965).

Olsen (1968).

Howard Wiarda, “Ethnocentrism of Social Science,” see citation.

For related research, see Deyoe et al. (1992), Xu (1998).

Smith (1991).

Easton (1999), Chap. 2.

An overview of these criticisms can be found in Chilcote’s (1998).

Berry (1972).

See Lipson (2001), Chap. 14.

For discussion on related issues, see Wallerstein et al. (1997), Xu (2002).

For Merton’s discussion of middle theory, see Merton (1996). For a review of the theoretical implications and characteristics of Merton’s middle-range theory, see Wen (2003), Turner (2001).

Easton (1965).

Lasswell (1960).

Lasswell (1971).

Dror (1968).

Dror (1971).

Dye (1993).

Japanese scholar Dayue (1992).

Fleishman (1991).

For research in this area, see Weimer and Vining (1992), Fischer and Forester (1987), Patton and Sawicki (2001).

For related research, see Knoke et al. (1996), Heidenheimer et al. (1990), Jones (1994).

The theory of Gradualism can be found in Lindblom’s (1965); and Cliffs (1993).

Schneider and Ingram (1990).

I have previously analyzed this persistent and gradual trait, see Xu (2000).

Huntington, “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics,” Black (1996).

Anderson (1990).

Xu (1989).

David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, p. 16.

Anne L. Schneider and Helen Ingram, “Policy Design: Elements, Premises, and Strategies,” in Stuart S. Nagel ed. Policy Theory and Policy Evaluation: Concepts, Knowledge, Causes, and Norms, Greenwood Press, 1990, p. 77–78.

Arnold J. Heidenheimer, et al. Comparative Public Policy: The Politics of Social Choice in America, Europe, and Japan, St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

Bryan D. Jones, Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics: Attention, Choice, and Public Policy, The University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Carl Patton and ‎David Sawicki, Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, 2nd Edition, Huaxia Publishing House, 2001 edition, p. 28–39.

Charles Lindblom’s “The Science of ‘Mudding Through’ ,” in Public Administration Review, Vol. 19, p. 79–88; The Intelligence of Democracy, N.Y.: Free Press, 1965.

Cyril Black ed. Comparative Modernization: A Reader, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1996, p. 82–83.

Da Yuexiu produced a good exposition on the research results of the policy process, see Da Yuexiu: Policy Process, Economic Daily Press, 1992 edition.

David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965, p. 110.

David Easton, A System Analysis of Political Life, Huaxia Publishing House, 1999.

David Knoke, et al. Comparing Policy Networks: Labor Politics in the U.S., Germany, and Japan, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Edward Shils, Political Development in the New States, Paris: Mouton, 1966, p. 8–10.

Frank Fischer and John Forester, ed. Confronting Values Policy Analysis: The Politics of Criteria, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987.

Frederick C. Deyoe et al., Enlightenment from the East Asian Model: A Study on Political and Economic Development of the Four Little Dragons in Asia, translated by Wang Puqu, China Radio Film & TV Press, 1992.

Harold D. Lasswell, “The Policy Orientation,” in Lerner and Lasswell, ed. Policy Science: Recent Developments in Scope and Method, Stanford University Press, 1960.

Harold D. Lasswell, A Preview of the Policy Science, American Elsevier, 1971, p. 10.

Harry Eckstein, “Case Study and Political Science,” in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds. Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 1, Political Science: Scope and Theory, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975, p. 81.

J. H. Turner, The Structure of Sociological Theory, 1^st Edition, Qiu Zeqi et al. Translation, Huaxia Publishing House, 2001, p. 23.

James Anderson, Public Policymaking, Huaxia Publishing House, 1990, p. 19–20.

Joel. L. Fleishman, “A New Framework for Integration: Policy Analysis and Public Management,” in David Easton and Corinne S. Schelling, ed. Divided Knowledge: Across Disciplines, Across Cultures, Sage Publication, 1991, p. 224.

Leslie Lipson, The Great Issues of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science, 10^th Edition, Huaxia Publishing House, 2001 edition.

Lucian Pye, “Introduction: Political Culture and Political Development,” in Lucian Pye and Sidney Verba, eds. Political Culture and Political Development. Princeton University Press, 1965, p. 3–26.

Marvin Olsen, “Multivariate Analysis of National Political Development,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 33, Issue No. 5, October 1968, p. 703–704.

Nicholas Berry, Political Configurations: An Analysis of the Political System in Society, Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1972, p 49.

Robert King Merton, “On Sociological Theories of the Middle Range,” in On Social Structure and Science, edited and introduced by Piotr Sztompka, University of Chicago Press.

Ronald H. Chilcote’s Theories of Comparative Politics: The Search for a Paradigm Reconsidered, Social Sciences Academic Press, 1998, p. 176–177.

The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Xu Xianglin Translation, Huaxia Publishing House, 1989.

Thomas Dye, Policy Analysis, University of Alabama Press, 1970, cited from Christopher Ham and Michael Hill, The Policy Process in the Modern Capitalist State, 2nd Edition, Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1993, p. 4–5.

Tony Smith, “The Dependency Approach,” in Howard J. Wiarda, ed. New Directions in Comparative Politics, Westview Press, 1991, p. 125.

Wallerstein et al., Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, Liu Feng Translation, Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1997 edition, p. 53.

Weimer and Vining, Policy Analysis: Concept and Practice, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1992.

Wenjun: “Robert King Merton: A Giant on the Shoulder of a Giant,” Journal of the Social Science, July 17, 2003, 6th Edition.

Xu Xianglin, “On the Mode of East Asian Development and Its Internal Causes,” “Politics and Administration in the Process of Modernization,” Beijing University Press, 1998, Vol. 1, p. 144–162.

Xu Xianglin, “Progressive Political Reform in China Based on Political Stability,” in Strategy and Management, 2000, Issue No. 5, p. 16–26.

Xu Xianglin: “Theoretical Predicaments and Localization of Policy Science,” in 21st Century: Humanities and Society (First published: Peking University Forum Proceedings), Peking University Press, 2002.

Yehezkel Dror, Design for Policy Science, New York: American Elsevier, 1971, p. 51.

Yehezkel Dror, Public Policymaking Reexamined, San Francisco: Chandler, 1968, p. 8.

Titel: From Political Development Theory to Policy Process Theory
verfasst von: Xianglin Xu
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Social Transformation and State Governance in China
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4020-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-4021-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4021-9_2

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