nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Transformation Crises and Adaptive Governance in China: A Historical Comparative Perspective

verfasst von : Xianglin Xu

Erschienen in: Social Transformation and State Governance in China

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

China’s 30 years of reform and opening up have undergone significant social and economic transformations, and state governance has faced with a series of transformation crises. Scholars both at home and abroad have been divided over the nature of the transformation crises facing the nation as well as the potential consequences of such crises. The primary controversy lies in whether or not China’s current political system is trapped in a governance crisis.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel From Political Development Theory to Policy Process Theory

See Waldron (1995), Finkelstein and Kivlehan (2003), Chang (2001), Pei (2006).

See Yang (2004), Laliberte and Lanteigne (2004), Peerenboom (2007), Ma (2009a).

Though the neo-institutional school has various branches, its main ideas can be summarized in two aspects. Firstly, the institution is of critical importance in transition, exerting influence on discipline, belief, behavior, and even the result; secondly, the institution is intrinsic, whose form and function is dependent on various conditions. As for the criticism of neo-institutionalism in the application of comparative politics, please refer to Przeworski (2004), Evans (2004).

The prevalent study approach of comparative politics in America was in the 1960s–1970s, which views political development as the linear transition from traditional political system to modern democratic politics; democratic politics, as the purpose, is an important indicator to gauge the modernity of politics. Meanwhile, it categorizes most of the countries in the world into different natures of political institutions and characteristics, and evaluates the degree of the development of democratic politics in various countries through setting up modern and democratic indicators (mainly taking Anglo-American democracy as the model). This thesis regards this empirical research approach as the “teleology” + “typology” analysis model.

Przeworski (2005), Kaufman (2008).

For example, the institutional transition of historical European countries, C.f. Wang (2003a).

Huntington (1968).

Easton (1979).

Ibid.

Fukuyama (2007).

Polanyi (2007).

Ibid.

Diner (2008).

Glad (1975), Hofstadter (1955), Stromquist (2006).

Stromquist (2006), p. 16.

C.f. Wang (2003b).

Bell (1962), Wallerstein (1995).

Touraine (1968), the quote from Tilly (2009).

Ibid., pp. 99, 101.

Crozier et al. (1976).

C.f. Pakulski (2007).

Przeworski and other people have conducted empirical analysis on the correlation between democratic politics and economic growth and concluded that the two were not necessarily related. C.f. Przeworski et al. (2000).

Wang (2004), Yang (2004).

See Review of Public Administration, which established a column on the study of Progressive Era of the United States in 2008 (2).

Wang (2008), Ma (2009b).

For the division of the first three stages, I enjoyed the great benefit of “The Great Transformation: China’s Post-1980s Double-movement” by Wang Shaoguang.

Ironically, while the local separation or protectionism policy adopted by local governments for the protection of local interests impeded or slowed the extension of national market scale, it also tempered by and large the possible damage that “the self-regulated market” may bring about to local economy and even the society, as argued by Polanyi. Of course, the counter-interaction by local government in administrative means to the market economy was only partial, sporadic and limited. Local protectionism is a “rational activity” on the micro level, as it to some extent helps build the reciprocal relations between the central and local levels. As for the cause, nature and negative impacts and solutions of local protectionism, please refer to Xu (2009), pp. 148–153.

There has been a great deal of literature in this respect both at home and abroad, e.g., Solinger (1999), Gries and Rosen (2004), Lu (2002), Sun (1990).

In the 30 years after the 1949 Revolution, China has essentially established a non-materialistic value system through a series of ideological reform movements. Since the reform and opening up, the establishment of market economy has allowed materialistic values to prevail.

Laliberte and Lanteigne (2004), p. 7; from Ma Jun’s point of view, China’s national reconstruction since the reform has been a “two-way movement”.

Zou Dang used the concept of “omnipotence” to generalize the form of state in China after 1949. He believed that the emergence of “omnipotent” countries was related to the overall crisis of the country and the nation, because in such a comprehensive crisis, political elites are more likely to reach a political consensus in the historical mission of saving the nation from extinction. See Zou (1994).

Geld (1997).

Foweraker (2007).

Huntington (1993), p. 3.

Zolo (2007), p. 432.

Huntington (1993).

See Leftwich (1997).

C.f. Zolo (2007), p. 432.

See Przeworski (1997).

C.f. Zolo (2007), p. 437.

Huntington (1991).

Even they are all “Western democratic systems”, there’re significant differences in the essence of the systems. For instance, American democratic theory and institution put more emphasis on the value of freedom while that in European country stressed the value of equality.

C.f. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume 2, p. 322 and Volume 3, p. 213. As for the relevant arguments and analysis over the political democratization by Deng Xiaoping, please refer to Cui and Sun (1997).

This reform strategy was put forward by Chen Yun at theWorking Conference of the CPC Central Committee on Dec. 16, 1980, which was approved by Deng Xiaoping and hence adopted as the long-term reform guideline. C.f. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume 2, p. 354.

C.f. Harding (1987).

Womack (1984).

Halpern (1989).

Xu (2004a).

Xu (2007).

Xu (2000, 2002, 2004b).

Kotz and Weir (2002).

For relevant studies and analysis, please find Xu (2009).

See Shen et al. (2009). The key researchers in this research centre has strong social investigation background with professional training from the University of Michigan and international cooperation experience as well; their sampling method, questionnaire design and analysis approach also used the cross-national comparison and survey experience of the university as a reference.

For relevant investigation and analysis, please find Almond and Verba eds. The Civic Culture Revisited: An Analytic Study, Boston: Little, Brown, 1980. In addition, David Easton also tried to explain the difference between the civilian support for the political system and for specific policies and leaders in 1975 when restating the concept of policy support. He divided the support zone into diffuse and specific. According to him, the diffuse type of support is general loyalty to the political system, largely unrelated to the performance and output of the political system in certain timing, but relatively enduring. On the other hand, the specific type of support depends on the recognition of individuals for the performance of the system in certain times, with no influence on the civilian general support for the political system. C.f. Easton (1975).

C.f. Tang (2005).

Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, p. 75.

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and Latin America, Cambridge University Press; David M. Kotz, Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: Demise of the Soviet System, Routledge, 1997.

Adam Przeworski, “Institutions Matter?” Government and Opposition, Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: the Political and Economic Reform in East Europe and Latin America, Peking University Press, 2005.

Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1550–1990, Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Alan Geld, “China’s Reform in the Wider Context of Transition,” in E. Bliney, ed. Crisis and Reform in China, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 1997.

Alain Touraine, Le Mouvement de Mai ou le Communisme Utopoque, Paris: Seuil, 1968, p. 279.

Arthur Waldron, “China’s Coming Constitutional Challenges,” Obis, Winter 1995, p. 19–35.

Andre Laliberte and Narc Lanteigne, The Chinese Party-state in the 21^st Century: An Adaptation and Reinvention of Legitimacy, New York: Routledge, 2004.

Brantly Womack, “Modernization and Democratic Reform in China,” The Journal of Asian Studies, XLIII, No. 3, May 1984, p. 417.

Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768–2004, Shanghai Century Publishing (Group) Co., Ltd, 2009, p. 100.

Cui Peiting, Sun Daiyao, ed. Studies on Deng Xiaoping’s Thoughts on Political Democratization, The Central Party School Pressing House, 1997.

Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, The Free Press, 1962; Immanuel Wallerstein, After Liberalism, New Press, 1995.

Danilo Zolo, “The Singapore Model: Democracy, Communication and Globalization,” The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2007.

David Easton, “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support,” British Journal of Political Science, 1975 (5).

David Easton, A System Analysis of Political Life, University of Chicago Press, 1979.

David M. Finkelstein and Maryanne Kivlehan, eds., China’s Leadership in the 21^st Century: The Rise of the Fourth Generation, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2003.

David M. Kotz, Fred Weir, Revolution From Above: The Demise of the Soviet System, China Renmin University Press, 2002, p. 10.

Dorothy J. Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market, University of California Press, 1999.

Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance and World Order in the 21^st Century, China Social Sciences Press, 2007.

Gordon G. Chang, The Coming Collapse of China, New York: Random House, 2001.

Harry Harding, China’s Second Revolution: Reform After Mao, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1987, p. 193–195.

Jan Pakulski, “Post-modernization,” The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2007, p. 375–404.

Joe Foweraker, “Transformation, Transition, Consolidation: Democratization in Latin America,” The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2007, p. 374.

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2007.

Leftwich, “From Democratization to Democratic Consolidation,” in D. Potter, D. Goldblatt, M. Kiloh, and P. Lewis eds. Democratization, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997, p. 524.

Lu Xueyi, ed. Research Report on Social Class in Contemporary China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2002.

Ma Jun, “China’s National Reconstruction after the Reform: a ‘Dual- direction Movement’ Perspective,” in Su Li, Chen Chunsheng, ed. China’s 30 Years of Social Sciences, SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2009a.

Ma Jun, “China’s State-building After the Reform: a Double-movement Perspective,” Su Li, Chen Chunsheng ed. China’s 30 Years of Social Science and Humanities, SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2009b.

M. Crozier, S. P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy, 1976.

Nina P. Halpern, “Economic Reform and Democratization in Communist Systems: the Case of China,” Studies in Comparative Communism, XXII, Summer/Autumn 1989, p. 149.

Pei Minxin, China’s Trapped Transformation: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy, Harvard University Press, 2006.

Peter Evans, “Development as Institutional Change: Pitfalls of Monocropping and the Potentials of Deliberations,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Winter 2004, Vol. 38, No 4, p. 30–53.CrossRef

Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen, eds. State and Society in 21^th Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation, NY: Routledge Curzon, 2004.

P. W. Glad, Progressive Century: the American Nation in Its Second Hundred Years, Lexington: D. C. Health and Company, 1975.

Randall Peerenboom, China Modernizes: Threat to the World or Model for the Rest? New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

R. Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F. D. R., NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955.

Robert Kaufman, The Political and Economic Analysis of Democratic Transformations, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2008.

Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press, 1968.

S. Huntington, “Democracy’s Third Wave,” L. Diamond and M. Plattner, eds. The Global Resurgence of Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Shen Mingming et al., Attitudes towards Citizenship in China: Data Report of A National Survey (2009).

S. P. Huntington, The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, The University of Oklahoma Press, 1991, Preface.

Steven J. Diner, A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era, Shanghai Renmin Press, 2008, p. 1–10.

S. Stromquist, Reinventing “the People”, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006.

Sun Liping, Cleavage: Chinese Society Since 1990s, Social Sciences Academic Press.

Tang Wenfang, Public Opinion and Political Change in China, Stanford University Press, 2005.

Wang Shaoguang, “The Great Transformation: China’s Post-1980s Double-movement,” Social Science in China, 2008 (1).

Wang Xi, “The Review and Reflection of Modern European National Building History,” in Hu An’gang, Wang Shaoguang and Zhou Jianming, eds. The Second Transformation: the Construction of National Institutions, Tsinghua University Press, 2003a, p. 171–195.

Wang Xi, “American Reforms in the Progressive Era: On the Orientation of Chinese System Transformation,” Hu An’gang, Wang Shaoguang, ed. The Second Transformation: National Institutional Construction, Tsinghua University Press, 2003b, p. 117–152.

Wang Xiaolu, “Marketization in China: Progress and Prospects,” in Ross Garnaut and Liang Song, eds. China: Is Rapid Growth Sustainable? Canberra: Asia Pacific Press at Australia National University, 2004.

Xu Helong, Collision and Interaction: The System and Culture in Political Development in Transformational Society, Sun Yat-sen University Press, 2007, p. 257.

Xu Xianglin, “China’s Incremental Political Reform Based on Political Stability,” Strategy and Management, 2000 (5).

Xu Xianglin, ‘Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones’ and Policy Choice of China’s Incremental Political Reform,” Tianjin Social Sciences, 2002 (3).

Xu Xianglin, “The Trial Democratic Reform at the Grassroots Level under the Party-led Cadre System,” Zhejiang Academic Journal, Issue 1, 2004a.

Xu Xianglin, “The Setting Goals and Strategy Choices in Political Reform Policy,” Journal of Jilin University, 2004b (6).

Xu Xianglin, The Reason of Seeking Incremental Political Reform: Theory, Path and Policy, China Fortune Press, 2009.

Yang Dali, Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China, Stanford University Press, 2004.

Zou Dang, Twentieth Century Chinese Politics: Viewed from the Perspective of Macro History and Micro Action, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 235–238.

Titel: Transformation Crises and Adaptive Governance in China: A Historical Comparative Perspective
verfasst von: Xianglin Xu
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Social Transformation and State Governance in China
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4020-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-4021-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4021-9_1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partner