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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Fundamental Institutions and International Organizations: Theorizing Continuity and Change

verfasst von : Tonny Brems Knudsen

Erschienen in: International Organization in the Anarchical Society

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter identifies a set of fundamental institutions which are constitutive of international society and its elements of order and justice. It goes on to discuss the role of international organizations in fundamental institutional continuity and change, especially change in the constitutive principles and reproducing practices of fundamental institutions. Such changes may come about by design or incrementally. The chapter argues that international organizations have the potential to affect and shape the operation of fundamental institutions and thus international order and justice, either globally or regionally. Moreover, they may support the evolution of new fundamental or primary institutions.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction: A New Approach to International Organization

Nächstes Kapitel Modelling the Relations of Fundamental Institutions and International Organizations

Bull (1977, xiv) used the terms “fundamental” and “basic” in relation to the historical and sociological institutions of international society and its orderly qualities. Wight (1977, 129–152; 1978, esp. 105–112) stressed their importance for the unique societal qualities of the modern state system. James (1973, 1978, 1986, 1999) referred to certain phenomena or practices as bases of international order and society. Buzan (2004, 2014) coined the terms “primary” and “master” institutions for the special institutionalism of the English School. Earlier attempts to specify the ontology and epistemology of this institutionalism include Suganami (1983), Keohane (1988) and Wendt and Duvall (1989).

See, for instance, Manning’s (1937) work on Peaceful Change, Wight’s (1978) study of the League of Nations and the United Nations, Bull’s (1977, part II) recurrent references to international organization in his account for the working of the more fundamental institutions, and the numerous English School studies of international organizations and their machineries by Alan James, Hidemi Suganami, Lorna Lloyd, Adam Roberts, Nicholas Wheeler, Tim Dunne, and Alex Bellamy, among others.

The case for international society as a society without government based on certain special institutions was also made by Wight in “An anatomy of international thought”, a lecture from 1960 which was published for a wider audience much later (Wight 1987, 221, 223).

This is the system and logic of Bull’s The Anarchical Society as a whole, but it is very evident at pp. 66–74. In a more loose way, the same logic and system in which common interests and values are linked with common rules and institutions are evident in Wight’s work (1966, 89–131; 1978).

In terms of epistemology, fundamental institutions are constructs, schemes, and ideal types induced from international interaction over time on the basis of reason. They are rationally derived by the observer. In this sense, the epistemological approach of the English School is basically Weberian: Historical investigations and theoretical reflection lead to the identification of ideal types (such as fundamental institutions) which are then applied to reality as a means of analysis. See also Navari (2009, 52–53).

The idea of fundamental institutions as coherent sets of principles and practices can be found in most historical and theoretical work on the subject (see, e.g. Wight 1977, 129–152; Bull 1977, 74, 101–229; Holsti 2004, 21–22; Buzan 2004, 181–182), but I have not come across a clear distinction between constitutive principles and reproducing practices as the central logic of fundamental or primary institutions, though Wendt and Duvall (1989, 60–61) point in that direction.

Wight’s (1977, 110–152) historical (and theoretical) analysis of the origins of early European and modern international society (including reflections on non-European influences) traces (mutual recognition of) sovereignty, diplomacy, international law, great power management, the balance of power, and war (or various associated manifestations of them).

This is a minor adjustment of an earlier definition (Knudsen 2013, 2016) informed by the ensuing discussion of it by Navari (2016) and Buzan (2016).

Some practices are simply practices cf. Navari’s (2014) treatment of trade/commerce/the market as dispersed practices.

The idea of nationalism, or national self-determination, as a fundamental institution is often associated with the work of James Mayall (1990, 2000). Robert Jackson (2000) has proposed environmental stewardship as well.

Buzan (2004, 179–204) has also proposed a number of additional primary institutions (called derivative institutions) which are derived from the master institutions based on the logic of nesting or embeddedness (see Navari Chap. 3 in this volume).

A few de facto states like Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Somaliland do not enjoy international recognition at present, and others are only partly recognized, as, for instance, Kosovo and Palestine. These exceptions are not enough to make international society anarchical rather than societal. Furthermore, their desire to become recognized and their inhibited international relations as long as they are not demonstrate the continuing importance of mutual recognition. The same goes for innovative and substituting constructs of partial or indirect recognition (cf. Palestine’s status at the UN and a number of states’ semi-regular diplomatic relations with Somaliland).

As evident, the reproducing practices of great power management and the balance of power are overlapping.

On solidarist institutional change, see also Buzan (2014, 134–163) who has suggested human rights, democracy, and (cf. also Jackson 2000) environmental stewardship as solidarist institutions (158–163) as well as solidarist change in more established institutions.

It should be noted, though, that constitutive effects are indicated by some of the contributors to Krasner (1983) and by Keohane (1988).

See also the discussion and further developments by Navari (2016).

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Titel: Fundamental Institutions and International Organizations: Theorizing Continuity and Change
verfasst von: Tonny Brems Knudsen
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: International Organization in the Anarchical Society
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71621-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-71622-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71622-0_2

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