where the coefficients \(P_{j}\) (\(j=0,\ldots ,n\)) are meromorphic functions. With some additional conditions on coefficients, we obtain precise estimates of the growth of meromorphic solutions of such an equation.
Hinweise
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
1 Introduction and main results
In this article, we shall consider the linear higher order difference equation
where \(P_{0}(z),\ldots ,P_{n}(z)\) are meromorphic functions. Nevanlinna theory is an important and basic tool in our discussion; for references see [9, 12, 18]. For a meromorphic function \(f(z)\), we denote by \(T(r,f)\), \(N(r,f)\) the characteristic function and the counting function of \(f(z)\), respectively. In particular, we define the order and the lower order of a meromorphic function \(f(z)\) by
stand for the exponents of convergence of zero sequence of f and the deficiency of f at the point a, respectively. Let \(\alpha (z)\) be a meromorphic function. We say that \(\alpha (z)\) is a small function with respect to \(f(z)\), if \(T(r,\alpha (z))=o(T(r,f))\), possible outside of a set E with finite linear measure.
In [5], Chiang and Feng considered the growth of transcendental entire solutions of linear higher order difference equations.
Anzeige
Theorem A
Let\(P_{j}(z)\) (\(j=0,1,\ldots ,n\)) be polynomials. If there exists an integerl, \(0\le l\le n\), such that
Then every meromorphic solution\(f(z)\)of Eq. (1) satisfies\(\sigma (f)\geq 1\).
The condition (2) shows the degree of \(P_{l}\) is larger than the other coefficients which means the polynomial \(P_{l}\) is dominating coefficient. Chen [3] weakens the condition (2), and obtained.
Theorem B
Let\(P_{j}(z)\) (\(j=0,\ldots ,n\)) be polynomials such that\(P_{n}P_{0}\neq 0\)and
If\(f(z)\)is a meromorphic solution of Eq. (1), then\(\sigma (f) \geq 1\), and\(f(z)\)assumes every finite value\(a\in \mathbb{C}\)except zero infinitely often and\(\lambda (f-a)=\sigma (f)\).
The above theorems deal with the case that the coefficients of Eq. (1) are polynomials, and there exists a dominating coefficient. Then a natural question arises: can we estimate the growth of the Eq. (1) provided the coefficients are entire functions or meromorphic functions. To answer this question, Chiang and Feng [5] obtained the following.
Anzeige
Theorem C
Let\(P_{0}(z),\ldots ,P_{n}(z)\)be entire functions such that there exists an integerl, \(0\le l\le n\), such that
If\(f(z)\)is a nontrivial meromorphic solution of Eq. (1), then\(\sigma (f)\ge \sigma (P_{l})+1\).
Clearly, since the order of \(P_{l}\) is larger than that of the others, \(P_{l}\) in Theorem C is a dominating coefficient. But if no such coefficient exists, Laine and Yang [13] also proved a similar conclusion in Theorem D below.
Let\(P_{0}(z),\ldots ,P_{n}(z)\)be entire functions of finite order so that among those having the maximal order\(\sigma :=\max \{\sigma (P_{j}):0\le j\le n \}\), exactly one has its type strictly greater than the others. Then, for any meromorphic solution of Eq. (1), we have\(\sigma (f)\ge \sigma +1\).
The condition about type in Theorem D still means the growth of some coefficient is faster than the others, although there exist several coefficients have the same order. This implies there still exists dominating coefficient. For a linear difference equation with meromorphic coefficients, Chen [4] proved the following result.
Theorem E
Let\(P_{0}(z),\ldots ,P_{n}(z)\)be meromorphic functions such that there exists an integerl, \(0\le l\le n\), such that\(\sigma (P_{l})>\max \{\sigma (P_{j}):0 \le j\le n, j\ne l\}\)and\(\delta (\infty , P_{l})>0\). If\(f(z)\)is a nontrivial meromorphic solution of Eq. (1), then\(\sigma (f)\ge \sigma (P_{l})+1\).
Laine and Yang [13] posed the following question, which it is natural to ask.
Question 1.1
Do all meromorphic solution f of Eq. (1) satisfy \(\sigma (f)\ge 1+\max \{\sigma (P_{j}):0\le j\le n\}\), even if there is no dominating coefficient?
In [11], some examples are given to illustrate that the Laine–Yang conjecture is not true in whole. In this paper, we consider this question and shall give estimates of growth of solutions of Eq. (1), and there is no dominating coefficient.
Theorem 1.1
Let\(P_{j}(z)\) (\(j=0,\ldots ,n\)) be meromorphic functions. If\(P_{1}(z)\)has a finite deficient valuea, and\(\sigma (P_{j})<\sigma (P_{0})<\frac{1}{2}\), \(j\neq 0,1\), then every finite order meromorphic solution\(f(z)\)of Eq. (1) satisfies\(\sigma (f)\geq \mu (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}),j\neq 0,1\}+1\).
Edrei and Fuchs proved that the number of deficient values cannot be infinite when the zeros and poles of a meromorphic function distributed near some curves. We first give some definitions and results in order to relate their results with Eq. (1).
Let
$$\begin{aligned}& \varOmega (\theta _{1},\theta _{2},r)=\bigl\{ z:\theta _{1}< \arg z< \theta _{2}, \vert z \vert < r\bigr\} , \\& \overline{\varOmega }(\theta _{1},\theta _{2},r)=\bigl\{ z: \theta _{1}\leq \arg z \leq \theta _{2}, \vert z \vert < r \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$
Let \(f(z)\) be a meromorphic function with finite order of growth (\(0<\sigma (f)< \infty \)). A ray \(\arg z=\theta \) starting from the origin is called a zero-pole accumulation ray of \(f(z)\), if, for any given real number \(\varepsilon >0\), the following equality holds:
Zhang [18] proved that if \(f(z)\) is a meromorphic function with order \(\sigma =\sigma (f)\), \(0<\sigma <\infty \) and \(f(z)\) has q zero-pole accumulation rays and p deficient values other than 0 and ∞, then \(p\leq q\). We say \(f(z)\in \mathit{EF}\) if \(p=q\geq 1\), and the set of such \(f(z)\) is called an Edrei–Fuchs set. This means that \(f(z)\) is a positive finite order meromorphic function with p zero-pole accumulation rays and p nonzero finite deficient values.
Now we are in the position to give a result concerning an Edrei–Fuchs set.
Theorem 1.2
Let\(P_{j}(z)\) (\(j=0,\ldots ,n\)) be meromorphic functions. If\(P_{0}(z)\)has a deficient value ∞, \(P_{1}(z)\in \mathit{EF}\), and\(\sigma (P_{j})<\sigma (P_{0})\)for\(j\neq 0,1\), then every meromorphic solution\(f(z)\)of Eq. (1) satisfies\(\sigma (f)\geq \sigma (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}),j\neq 0,1\}+1\).
Remark 1.1
In Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, we require one coefficient in the equation to have one or several finite deficient value, but we do not know which one of \(P_{0}\) and \(P_{1}\) has faster growth, and this means there does not exist a dominating coefficient.
Recently, some results about the connections between complex dynamics with linear differential equations have been obtained; see [10, 14]. In the following, we shall consider Question 1.1 from the dynamical system point of view. Some notations of complex dynamics are needed; see [10].
Let \(f:\mathbb{C}\mapsto \widehat{\mathbb{C}}\) be a transcendental meromorphic function. Denote by \(f^{n}\), \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), the nth iterate of f, that is, \(f^{1}=f,\ldots ,f^{n}=f\circ (f^{n-1})\). The Fatou set of f is denoted by \(F(f)\), and the Julia set of f is defined by \(J(f)=\widehat{\mathbb{C}}\setminus F(f)\). Let U be a connected component of \(F(f)\), then \(f^{n}(U)\) is contained in a component of \(F(f)\), denoted by \(U_{n}\). We say U is a wandering domain, if \(U_{n}\cap U_{m}=\emptyset \). Furthermore, if U is wandering, and all \(U_{n}\) are multiply-connected and surround 0 and the Euclidean distance \(\operatorname{dist}(0,U_{n})\rightarrow \infty \) as \(n\rightarrow \infty \), then U is called a Baker wandering domain. The reader can refer to [2, 19] for more details.
Let \(f(z)\) be a meromorphic function of order σ, where \(0<\sigma <\infty \). A ray \(\arg z=\theta _{0}\) (\(0\leq \theta _{0}<2\pi \)) is named a Borel direction of order σ of \(f(z)\), if for any positive number ε, the inequality
holds for any finite complex value a, with possibly one exceptional value, where \(n(r,\theta _{0}-\varepsilon ,\theta _{0}+\varepsilon ,f=a)\) denotes the number of zeros of \(f(z)-a\) in the region \((|z|\leq r) \cap (\theta _{0}-\varepsilon \leq \arg z\leq \theta _{0}+\varepsilon )\), multiple zeros being counted with their multiplicities.
Suppose that \(f(z)\) is an entire function of finite lower order \(\mu >0\). Let \(q\ (<\infty )\) denote the number of Borel directions and p denote the number of finite deficient values of \(f(z)\). Yang in [17] proved that \(p\leq \frac{q}{2}\). We will say that an entire function \(f(z)\) is extremal for Yang’s inequality if \(f(z)\) satisfies the assumptions of Definition 1.3 with \(p=\frac{q}{2}\).
Next, we consider Eq. (1) from the dynamical system point of view, and we can establish the following result.
Theorem 1.3
Let\(P_{j}(z)\) (\(j=0,\ldots ,n\)) be entire functions. Suppose that\(P_{1}(z)\)is extremal for Yang’s inequality, and\(F(P_{0})\)has a Baker wandering domain. If\(\sigma (P_{j})<\sigma (P_{0})\)for\(j\neq 0,1\), then every meromorphic solution\(f(z)\)of Eq. (1) satisfies\(\sigma (f)\geq \sigma (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}),j\neq 0,1\}+1\).
2 Auxiliary results
In order to prove the theorems, we need some lemmas.
Let\(f(z)\)be a non-constant meromorphic function with finite orderσ. For any given\(\varepsilon >0\)and\(0< l<\frac{1}{2}\), there exist a constant\(K(\sigma , \varepsilon )\)and a set\(E(\varepsilon )\subset [0, \infty )\)that satisfy the lower logarithmic density of\(\underline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E(\varepsilon )\geq 1-\varepsilon \), such that, for\(r\in E(\varepsilon )\)and each intervalJwith a length ofl, we have
Let\(\eta _{1}\), \(\eta _{2}\)be two arbitrary complex numbers, and let\(f(z)\)be a meromorphic function of finite orderσ. Let\(\varepsilon >0\)be given, then there exists a subset\(E_{1}\subset \mathbf{R}\)with finite logarithmic measure such that, for all\(r\notin E_{1}\cup [0,1]\), we have
Let\(f(z)\)be a meromorphic function of order\(\sigma (f)=\sigma <\infty \). Then, for any given\(\varepsilon >0\), there is a set\(E\subset (1, \infty )\)that has finite linear measure\(m\,E\)and finite logarithmic measure\(\mathit{lm}\,E\), such that, for allzsatisfying\(|z|=r\notin E\cup [0, 1]\),
Let\(f(z)\)be a transcendental meromorphic function with at most finitely many poles. If\(f(z)\)has a Baker wandering domain, there exist a constant\(0< d<1\)and two sequences\(\{r_{n}\}\)and\(\{R_{n}\}\)of positive numbers with\(r_{n}\rightarrow \infty \)and\(\frac{R_{n}}{r_{n}}\rightarrow \infty\) (\(n\rightarrow \infty \)) such that
Let\(f(z)\)be a meromorphic function of order\(0<\sigma <\infty \)havingpfinite deficient values\(a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots , a_{p}\) (\(p\geq 1\)) and let\(g(z)\)be a meromorphic function with finite order having a deficient value ∞. Suppose that\(\beta >1\)and\(0<\eta <\sigma (f)\)are two constants. Then there exists a sequence\(\{t_{n}\}\)such that
Moreover, for every sufficiently large n, there is a set \(F_{n} \subset [t_{n}, (\beta +1)t_{n})\) with \(m(F_{n})\leq \frac{(\beta -1)t _{n}}{4}\) such that, for all \(R\in [t_{n}, \beta t_{n}]\setminus F _{n}\), the arguments θ sets \(E_{v}(R)\) (\(v=1, 2, \ldots , p\)) and \(E_{\infty }(R)\) satisfy the following inequalities:
where \(M_{1}\), \(M_{2}\) are two positive constants depending only on f, g, \(\delta _{0}= \min_{0\leq v\leq p}\delta (a _{v}, f)\), \(\delta _{1}=\delta (\infty , g)\), β and η.
holds for\(z\in \overline{\varOmega }({\theta _{k}}_{v}, {{\theta _{k}} _{v}}+1, t_{n}, \beta t_{n})\setminus \bigcup_{v=1}^{p}(\gamma _{v})_{n}\), where\(\bigcup_{v=1}^{p}(\gamma _{v})_{n}\)is defined by Lemma 2.8with the sum of total radius not exceeding\(\frac{p}{8}\varepsilon t_{n}\)and\(t_{n}\), \(\beta t_{n}\), \(d= \min_{1\leq v \neq v'}\{|a _{v}-a_{v}'|\}\)and\(a_{v}\)are deficient values of\(f(z)\).
Suppose that\(f(z)\)is extremal for Yang’s inequality, i.e., \(f(z)\)is an entire function of lower order\(\mu <+ \infty \)and it satisfies\(p=\frac{q}{2}\)wherep (\(1\leq p<+\infty \)) denotes the number of finite deficient values andqdenotes the number of Borel directions of order ≥μof\(f(z)\). Then, for every deficient value\(a_{i}\) (\(i=1, 2, \ldots , p\)), there exists a corresponding angular domain\(\varOmega (\theta _{k_{i}}, \theta _{k_{i}+1})\)such that for every\(\varepsilon >0\)the inequality
$$ \log \frac{1}{|f(z)-a_{i}|}>A\bigl(\theta _{k_{i}}, \theta _{k_{i}+1}, \varepsilon , \delta (a_{i}, f)\bigr)T\bigl( \vert z \vert , f \bigr) $$
Step 1. In this step, we use the idea in [20] with some changes. According to Lemma 2.1, for any given constant \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists a set \(E_{1}=E_{1}\{r\in [0, \infty ): m(r)>M(r)\cos \pi \alpha _{0}\}\) with \(\overline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E_{1}\geq 1- \frac{\mu (P_{0})}{\alpha _{0}}\), where \(m(r)=\inf_{|z|=r}{\log |P_{0}(z)|}\), and \(M(r)=\sup_{|z|=r}{\log |P _{0}(z)|}\). Therefore, there exists some constant \(r_{0}\) such that, for \(r\in E_{1}\setminus [0, r_{0}]\), we have
Suppose \(P_{1}(z)\) has a finite deficient value a, and \(\delta (a, P _{1}(z))= 2\delta >0\). Then by the definition of deficiency, there exits a constant \(r_{1}\) such that, for each \(r>r_{1}>r_{0}\), \(m(r, \frac{1}{P _{1}-a})\geq \delta T(r, P_{1})\) holds. Hence, for \(r>r_{1}\), there exists \(z_{r}\) with \(|z_{r}|=r\) such that
Set \(0<\varepsilon _{0}<1-\frac{\mu (P_{0})}{\alpha _{0}}\). Applying Lemma 2.2 to \(P_{1}(z)-a\), we can choose sufficiently small \(l_{0}\) such that \(K(\sigma (P_{1}), \varepsilon _{0})l_{0}\log \frac{1}{l_{0}}<\frac{ \delta }{4}\), then, for every interval J with a length of \(l_{0}\) and all \(r>r_{1}>r_{0}\), \(r\in E(\varepsilon _{0})\), we have
$$ r \int _{J}{ \biggl\vert \frac{P_{1}'(re^{i\theta })}{P_{1}(re^{i\theta })-a} \biggr\vert }\, d \theta < \frac{\delta }{2}T(r, P_{1}), $$
(11)
where \(E(\varepsilon _{0})\) is the set of lower logarithmic density \(\underline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E(\varepsilon _{0})\geq {1-\varepsilon _{0}}\) determined by Lemma 2.2. Let \(z_{r}=re^{i\theta }\) and \(\phi _{0}=\frac{l _{0}}{4}\). It follows from (10)–(11) that, for all \(|z_{r}|=r\in E( \varepsilon _{0})\setminus [0, r_{1}]\) and \(\theta \in [\theta _{r}- \phi _{0}, \theta _{r}+\phi _{0}]\),
Since \(\overline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E_{1}+\underline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E_{1}^{c}=1\) and \(\overline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E_{1}\geq 1-\frac{\mu (P_{0})}{\alpha _{0}}\), we have \(\underline{\log \operatorname{dens}}\,E_{1}^{c}\le \frac{\mu (P_{0})}{\alpha _{0}}\). Thus,
Step 2. Now suppose that \(f(z)\) is a non-trivial meromorphic solution of Eq. (1) with \(\sigma (f)< \mu (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}),j \neq 0,1\}+1\). We shall seek a contradiction. Set \(\sigma =\sigma (f)\), \(\alpha =\max \{\sigma (P_{j}),j\neq 0,1\}\). From Eq. (1),
We may choose ε so that \(0<4\varepsilon < \mu (P_{0})- \alpha +1-\sigma \). By using Lemma 2.3, for ε there exists a set \(E_{2}\subset (1, \infty )\) with finite logarithmic measure \(\mathit{lm}\,E_{2}<\infty \) such that, for all \(|z|=r\notin E_{2}\cup [0, r_{1}]\), we have
Again by Lemma 2.4, there exists a set \(E_{3}\subset (1, \infty )\) with logarithmic measure \(\mathit{lm}\,E_{3}<\infty \) such that, for all \(|z|=r\notin E_{3}\cup [0, r_{1}]\), we have
It follows from (9), (12), (14), (15) and (16) that there exist \(r_{n}\subset E\setminus E_{2}\cup E_{3}\) and \(\theta _{n}\in [ \theta _{r_{n}}-\phi _{0}, \theta _{r_{n}}+\phi _{0}]\) such that, for \(z_{n}=r_{n}e^{i\theta _{n}}\), we have
Clearly \(\mu (P_{0})-\varepsilon \leq \sigma +\alpha -1+3\varepsilon \), and hence \(\mu (P_{0})-\sigma -\alpha +1\leq 4\varepsilon \). We have a contradiction.
Suppose that \(f(z)\neq 0\) is a meromorphic solution of Eq. (1) with \(\sigma (f)<\sigma (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}), j\neq 0, 1\}+1\). We shall seek a contradiction. Set \(\sigma =\sigma (f)<\infty \), \(\alpha =\max \{\sigma (P_{j}), j\neq 0, 1\}<\infty \). From Eq. (1), we have
possible outside of a set H satisfying \(\limsup \frac{\int _{H\cap [1,r)} \frac{dt}{t}}{\log r}=0\). Clearly, this is a contradiction since \(\sigma (P_{j})<\infty \) for \(j\ne 0\) and \(\sigma (f)<\infty \). Hence, \(\sigma (P_{0})<\infty \).
Choose ε such that \(0<2\varepsilon <\sigma (P_{0})- \alpha -\sigma +1\). Applying Lemma 2.3 to \(f(z)\), there exist a positive constant \(r_{1}\) and a set \(E_{2}\subset [0, \infty )\) with \(m(E_{2})<\infty \) such that, for all z satisfying \(|z|=r\notin E _{2}\cup [0,r_{1}]\), we have
It follows from Lemma 2.4 that there exists a set \(E_{3}\subset (0, \infty )\) with logarithmic measure \(\mathit{lm}\,E_{3}<\infty \) such that, for all \(|z|=r\notin E_{3}\cup [0, 1]\), we have
Since \(P_{1}(z)\in \mathit{EF}\), we can assume that \(P_{1}(z)\) has p finite deficient values \(a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots , a_{p}\) with \(\delta (a_{v},P_{1})>0\) for \(1\leq v\leq p\), and \(P_{1}\) has p zero-pole accumulation rays \(\arg z=\theta _{k}\)\((0\leq \theta _{1}< \theta _{2}<\cdots <\theta _{p}, \theta _{p+1}=\theta _{1}+2 \pi )\). Set \(w= \min_{1\leq k\leq p-1}(\theta _{k+1}- \theta _{k})\).
Applying Lemma 2.6 to \(P_{0}(z)\), \(P_{1}(z)\), there exists a sequence of closed intervals \(\{[t_{n}, \beta t_{n}]\}\) with \(t_{n}\rightarrow \infty \), \(t_{n+1}>\beta t_{n}\) and a set \(F_{n}\subset [t_{n},( \beta +1)t_{n}]\) with \(m(F_{n})\leq \frac{(\beta -1)t_{n}}{4}\) and a sequence \(R_{n}\in [t_{n}, \beta t_{n}]\setminus F_{n}\) such that \(P_{0}(z)\), \(P_{1}(z)\) satisfy
where \(\theta \in [0, 2\pi )\) and \(M_{1}\), \(M_{2}\) are two positive constants depending only on \(P_{0}\), \(P_{1}\), \(\delta _{1}=\delta ( \infty , P_{0})\), \(\delta _{0}= \min_{0\leq v\leq p} \delta (a_{v}, P_{1})\), β and η.
Now we choose a sufficiently small \(\varepsilon _{0}\) so that \(0<\varepsilon _{0}<\min \{\frac{M_{1}}{8p},\frac{w}{2}, \frac{M_{2}}{8p}, \frac{\beta -1}{2p}\}\). It follows from Lemma 2.8 that the following inequalities:
hold for \(n\geq n_{1}>n_{0}\) and \(r_{n}e^{i\varphi }\in \bigcup_{v=1} ^{p}\overline{\varOmega }({{\theta _{k}}_{v}}_{+1}+2\varepsilon _{0}, {{\theta _{k}}_{v}}-2\varepsilon _{0}, t_{n}, \beta t_{n})\setminus \bigcup_{v=1}^{p}(\gamma _{v})_{n}\), where \(\bigcup_{v=1}^{p}{(\gamma _{v})}_{n}\) are some disks with the sum of total radius not exceeding \(\frac{p}{8}\varepsilon _{0}t_{n}<\frac{\beta -1}{16}t_{n}\), \(d= \min_{1\le v,v'\le p, v \neq v'}\{|a_{v}-a_{v}'|\}\) and \(a_{v}\), \(a_{v}'\) are deficient values of \(P_{1}(z)\).
It is easy to choose \(R^{*}_{n}\in [t_{n}, \beta t_{n}]\setminus (F _{n}\cup E_{2}\cup E_{3}\cup [0, 1])\) such that, for \(n\geq n_{0}\),
Therefore, from (20), (22) and (24), we can choose \(\theta _{n}\in E _{\infty }(R^{*}_{n})\cap [{{\theta _{k}}_{v}}+2\varepsilon _{0}, {{{\theta _{k}}_{v}}}_{+1}-2\varepsilon _{0}]\) such that
hold simultaneously, where \(z_{n}=r_{n}e^{i\theta _{n}}\), \(\beta >1\), \(d= \min_{1\leq v \neq v'}\{|a_{v}-a_{v}'|\}\) and \(a_{v}\), \(a_{v}'\) are deficient values of \(P_{1}(z)\).
Suppose that \(f\not \equiv 0\) is a meromorphic solution of Eq. (1) with \(\sigma (f)<\sigma (P_{0})-\max \{\sigma (P_{j}), j\neq 0 ,1\}+1\).
Since \(P_{1}(z)\) is extremal for Yang’s inequality, we can assume that \(a_{i}\) (\(i=1, 2, \ldots , 2p\)) are all the finite deficient values of \(P_{1}(z)\). By Lemma 2.8, for every deficient value \(a_{i}\), there exists a corresponding angular domain \(\varOmega (\theta _{j},\theta _{j+1})\) such that for every \(\varepsilon >0\) the inequality
Note that \(P_{0}(z)\) is a transcendental entire function with a Baker wandering domain. According to Lemma 2.5, there exists one integer \(d<1\) and two positive sequences \(\{r_{n}\}\), \(\{R_{n}\}\), such that \(\frac{R_{n}}{r_{n}}\rightarrow \infty \) as \(r_{n}\rightarrow \infty \), \(n\rightarrow \infty \) and \(|z|=r\), \(r\in G\), and we obtain
Let \(0<2\varepsilon <\sigma (P_{0})-\sigma (f)-\alpha +1\). By Lemma 2.3, there exists a set \(E_{2}\subset [0, \infty )\) with finite linear measure and a constant \(\eta >0\) such that, for all z satisfying \(|z|=r\notin E_{2}\cup [0, 1]\), (18) holds. From Lemma 2.4, there still exists a set \(E_{3}\subset (0, \infty )\) with finite logarithmic measure such that, for all \(|z|=r\notin E_{3}\cup [0, 1]\), (19) holds.
Hence, for \(z=re^{i\theta }\), \(r\in G\setminus (E_{2}\cup E_{3}\cup [0, 1])\) and \(\theta \in (\theta _{j}, \theta _{j+1})\), we get
Clearly \(\sigma (P_{0})\leq \sigma +\alpha -1+2\varepsilon \), that is, \(2\varepsilon \geq \sigma (P_{0})-\sigma (f)-\alpha +1\). We have a contradiction.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.