Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
MTZ-Fachkongress

Antriebe und Energiesysteme von morgen


Austausch von Automobil- und Energiewirtschaft

Am 14./15. Mai geht es in Chemnitz um die Mobilitätswende durch Elektro- und Wasserstofffahrzeuge.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Impedance Cardiography

verfasst von : Gerard Cybulski

Erschienen in: Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this chapter the necessary physical background of impedance cardiography will be presented, especially regarding the electrical properties of the biological tissues, the methods applied for measurement of the bioimpedance and the inaccuracy the models and limitations of the technique.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction
Nächstes Kapitel Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography
Literatur
1.
Ahmed, S.S., Levinson, G.E., Schwartz, C.J., Ettinger, P.O.: Systolic time intervals as measures of the contractile state of the left ventricular myocardium in man. Circulation 46, 559–571 (1972)
2.
Anderson Jr, F.A., Penney, B.C., Patwardhan, N.A., Wheeler, H.B.: Impedance plethysmography: the origin of electrical impedance changes measured in the human calf. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 18, 234–240 (1980)CrossRef
3.
Atzler, E., Lehmann, G.: Uber ein neues Verfahren sur Darstellung der Hertztatigkeit (Dielectrographi). Arbeitsphysiologie 5, 636–639 (1932)
4.
Bernstein, D.P.: A new stroke volume equation for thoracic electrical bioimpedance: theory and rationale. Crit. Care Med. 14(10), 904–909 (1986)CrossRef
5.
Bernstein, D.P.: Continuous noninvasive real-time monitoring of stroke volume and cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance. Crit. Care Med. 14(10), 898–901 (1986)CrossRef
6.
Bernstein, D.P., Lemmens, H.J.: Stroke volume equation for impedance cardiography. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 43(4), 443–450 (2005)CrossRef
7.
Boer, P., Roos, J.C., Geyskes, G.G., Mees, E.J.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 237(4), H491–H492 (1979)
8.
Bogaard, H.J., Woltjer, H.H., Postmus, P.E., de Vries, P.M.: Assessment of the haemodynamic response to exercise by means of electrical impedance cardiography: method, validation and clinical applications. Physiol. Meas. 18(2), 95–105 (1997)CrossRef
9.
Bonjer, F.H., van den Berg, J., Dirken, M.N.: The origin of the variations of body impedance occurring during the cardiac cycle. Circulation 6(3), 415–420 (1952)
10.
Cacioppo, J.T., Uchino, B.N., Berntson, G.G.: Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period. Pychophysiology 31(4), 412–419 (1994)CrossRef
11.
Charloux, A., Lonsdorfer-Wolf, E., Richard, R., Lampert, E., Oswald-Mammosser, M., Mettauer, B., Geny, B., Lonsdorfer, J.: A new impedance cardiograph device for the non-invasive evaluation of cardiac output at rest and during exercise: comparison with the “direct” Fick method. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4), 313–320 (2000)CrossRef
12.
Chemia, D., Hebert, J.L., Coirault, C., Zamani, K., Suard, I., Colin, P., Lecarpentier, Y.: Total arterial compliance estimated by stroke volume-to-aortic pulse pressure ratio in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 274, H500–H505 (1998)
13.
Cole, K.S., Cole, R.H.: Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics. I. Alternating current field. J. Chem. Phys. 1, 341–351 (1941)CrossRef
14.
Cybulski, G., Książkiewicz, A., Łukasik, W., Niewiadomski, W., Pałko, T.: Ambulatory monitoring device for central hemodynamic and ECG signal recording on PCMCI flash memory cards, pp. 505–507. Computers in Cardiology, IEEE, New York, NY, USA (1995)
15.
Cybulski, G.: Influence of age on the immediate cardiovascular response to the orthostatic manoeuvre. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 563–572 (1996)CrossRef
16.
Cybulski, G.: Dynamic impedance cardiography—the system and its applications. Pol. J. Med. Phys. Eng. 11(3), 127–209 (2005)
17.
Dennistone, J.C., Maher, J.T., Reeves, J.T., Cruz, J.C., Cymerman, A., Grover, R.F.: Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance at rest and during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 30, 653–656 (1976)
18.
Du Quesnay, M.C., Stoute, G.J., Hughson, R.L.: Cardiac output in exercise by impedance cardiography during breath holding and normal breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 62(1), 101–107 (1987)
19.
DuBois, D., DuBois, E.F.: A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern. Med. 17, 863–871 (1916)
20.
Ebert, T.J., Eckberg, D.L., Vetrovec, G.M., Cowley, M.J.: Impedance cardiograms reliably estimate beat-by-beat changes of left ventricular stroke volume in humans. Cardiovasc. Res. 18, 354–360 (1984)CrossRef
21.
Esler, M., Jennings, G., Lambert, G., Meredith, I., Horne, M., Eisenhofer, G.: Overflow of catecholamine neurotransmitters to the circulation: source, fate, and functions. Physiol. Rev. 70(4), 963–985 (1990)
22.
Fortin, J., Habenbacher, W., Heller, A., Hacker, A., Grüllenberger, R., Innerhofer, J., Passath, H., Ch, Wagner, Haitchi, G., Flotzinger, D., Pacher, R., Wach, P.: Non-invasive beat-to-beat cardiac output monitoring by an improved method of transthoracic bioimpedance measurement. Comput. Biol. Med. 36(11), 1185–1203 (2006). (Epub 2005 Aug 29)CrossRef
23.
Geddes, L.A., Baker, L.E.: Specific resistance of biological material—a compendum of data for biomedical engineer and physiologist. Med. Biol. Eng. 5(3), 271–293 (1967)CrossRef
24.
Geddes, L.A., Sadler, C.: The specific resistance of blood at body temperature. Med. Biol. Eng. 5, 336–339 (1973)CrossRef
25.
Grucza, R., Kahn, J.F., Cybulski, G., Niewiadomski, W., Stupnicka, E., Nazar, K.: Cardiovascular and sympatho-adrenal responses to static handgrip performed with one and two hands. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 59(3), 184–188 (1989)CrossRef
26.
Geselowitz, D.B.: On bioelectric potentials in an inhomogeneous volume conductor. Biophys. J. 7(1), 1–11 (1967)CrossRef
27.
Geselowitz, D.B.: An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 18(1), 38–41 (1971)CrossRef
28.
Grimnes, S., Martinsen, Ø.: Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Bbasics, 2nd edn. Elsevier-Academic Press, Amsterdam-London. ISBN:978-0-12-374004 (2008)
29.
Heather, L.W.: A Comparison of Cardiac Output Values by the Impedance Cardiograph and Dye Dilution Techniques in Cardiac Patients. Progress Report no. Na 594500. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston (1969)
30.
Ito, H., Yamakoshi, K.I., Togawa, T.: Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol. 40(3), 451–454 (1976)
31.
Keim, H.J., Wallace, J.M., Thurston, H., Case, D.B., Drayer, J.I., Laragh, J.H.: Impedance cardiography for determination of stroke index. J. Appl. Physiol. 41(5 Pt. 1), 797–799 (1976)
32.
Kelsey, R.M., Guethlein, W.: An evaluation of the ensemble averaged impedance cardiogram. Psychophysiology 27(1), 24–33 (1990)CrossRef
33.
Kerkkamp, H.J.J., Heethaar, R.M.: A comparison of bioimpedance and echocardiography in measuring systolic heart function in cardiac patients. Ann. N Y. Acad. Sci. (Issue: Electrical Bioimpedance Methods: Applications to Medicine And Biotechnology) 873, 149–154 (1999)
34.
Kim, D.W., Baker, L.E., Pearce, J.A., Kim, W.K.: Origins of the impedance change in impedance cardiography by a three-dimensional finite element model. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 12, 993–1000 (1988)CrossRef
35.
Kim, D.W., Song, C.G., Lee, M.H.: A new ensemble averaging technique in impedance cardiography for estimation of stroke volume during treadmill exercise. Front. Med. Biol. Eng. 4(3), 179–188 (1992)
36.
Kizakevich, P.N., Teague, S.M., Nissman, D.B., Jochem, W.J., Niclou, R., Sharma, M.K.: Comparative measures of systolic ejection during treadmill exercise by impedance cardiography and Doppler echocardiography. Biol. Psychol. 36(1–2), 51–61 (1993)CrossRef
37.
Kobayashi, Y., Andoh, Y., Fujinami, T., Nakayama, K., Takada, K., Takeuchi, T., Okamoto, M.: Impedance cardiography for estimating cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J. Appl. Physiol. 45(3), 459–462 (1978)
38.
Kosicki, J., Chen, L., Hobbie, R., Patterson, R., Ackerman, E.: Contributions to the impedance cardiogram waveform. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 14, 67–80 (1986)CrossRef
39.
Kubicek, W.G., Karnegis, J.N., Patterson, R.P., Witsoe, D.A., Mattson, R.H.: Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system. Aerosp. Med. 37(12), 1208–1212 (1966)
40.
Kubicek, W.G., Patterson, R.P., Witsoe, D.A.: Impedance cardiography as a non-invasive method for monitoring cardiac function and other parameters of the cardiovascular system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 170, 724–732 (1970)CrossRef
41.
Lababidi, Z., Ehmke, D.A., Durnin, R.E., Leaverston, P.E., Lauer, R.M.: The first derivative thoracic impedance cardiogram. Circulation 41(4), 651–658 (1970)
42.
Lehr, J.: A vector derivation useful in impedance plethysmographic field calculation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 19, 156–157 (1972)CrossRef
43.
Lozano, D.L., Norman, G., Knox, D., Wood, B.L., Miller, B.D., Emery, C.F., Berntson, G.G.: Where to B in dZ/dt. Psychophysiology. 44(1), 113–119 (2007)CrossRef
44.
Malmivuo, J., Plonsey, R.: Bioelectromagnetism. Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995)
45.
Meijer, J.H., Boesveldt, S., Elbertse, E., Berendse, H.W.: Method to measure autonomic control of cardiac function using time interval parameters from impedance cardiography. Physiol. Meas. 29(6), S383–S391 (2008)CrossRef
46.
Miles, D.S., Sawka, M.N., Hanpeter, D.E., Foster-Jr, J.E., Doerr, B.M., Frey, M.A.B.: Central hemodynamics during progressive upper- and lower-body exercise and recovery. J. Appl. Physiol. 57(2), 366–370 (1984)
47.
Milsom, I., Sivertsson, R., Biber, B., Olsson, T.: Measurement of stroke volume with impedance cardiography. Clin. Physiol. 2, 409–417 (1982)CrossRef
48.
Miyamoto, Y., Takahashi, M., Tamura, T., Nakamura, T., Hiura, T., Mikami, T.: Continous determination of cardiac output during exercise by the use of impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 19, 638–644 (1981)CrossRef
49.
Miyamoto, Y., Tamura, T., Mikami, T.: Automatic determination of cardiac output using an impedance plethysmography. Biotelem. Patient Monit. 8, 189–203 (1981)
50.
Miyamoto, Y., Hiuguchi, J., Abe, Y., Hiura, T., Nakazono, Y., Mikami, T.: Dynamics of cardiac output and systolic time intervals in supine and upright exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 55(6), 1674–1681 (1983)
51.
Miyamoto, Y., Hiura, T., Tamura, T., Nakamura, T., Hiuguchi, J., Mikami, T.: Dynamics of cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic function in men in response to step work load. J. Appl. Physiol. 52(5), 1198–1208 (1982)
52.
Moene, R.J., Mook, G.A., Kruizinga, K., Bergstra, A., Bossina, K.K.: Value of systolic time intervals in assessing severity of congenital aortic stenosis in children. Br Heart J 37, 1113–1122 (1975)CrossRef
53.
Mohapatra, S.N.: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Monitoring of Electrical Impedance Technique. Pitman, London (1981)
54.
Mohapatra, S.N.: Impedance cardiography. In: Webster, J.G. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instruments, pp. 1622–1632. Wiley, New York (1988)
55.
Moon, J.K., Coggan, A.R., Hopper, M.K., Baker, L.E., Coyle, E.F.: Stroke volume measurement during supine and upright cycle exercise by impedance cardiography. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 22, 514–523 (1994)CrossRef
56.
Mortarelli, J.R.: A generalisation of the Geselowitz relationship useful in impedance plethysmographic field calculation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 27, 665–667 (1980)CrossRef
57.
Murgo, J.P., Westerhof, N., Giolma, J.P., Altobelli, S.A.: Aortic input impedance in normal man: relationship to pressure wave forms. Circulation 62(1), 105–116 (1980)
58.
Muzzi, M., Jeutter, D.C., Smith, J.J.: Computer-automated impedance-derived cardiac indexes. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 33(1), 42–47 (1986)CrossRef
59.
Nakagawara, M., Yamakoshi, K.: A portable instrument for non-invasive monitoring of beat-by-beat cardiovascular haemodynamic parameters based on the volume-compensation and electrical-admittance method. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 38(1), 17–25 (2000)CrossRef
60.
Nakonezny, P.A., Kowalewski, R.B., Ernst, J.M., Hawkley, L.C., Lozano, D.L., Litvack, D.A., Berntson, G.G., Sollers 3rd, J.J., Kizakevich, P., Cacioppo, J.T., Lovallo, W.R.: New ambulatory impedance cardiograph validated against the Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph. Psychophysiology 38(3), 465–473 (2001)CrossRef
61.
Nowakowski, A., Wtorek, J., Stelter, J.: Technical University of Gdansk Electroimpedance mammograph. IX International Conference on Bio-Impedance, Heidelberg, pp. 434–437 (1995)
62.
Nyboer, J.: Plethysmography. Impedance. In: Glasser, O. (ed.) Medical Physics, vol. 2, pp. 736–743, Year Book Publishers, Chicago (1950)
63.
Nyboer, J., Bango, S., Barnett, A., et al.: Radiocardiograms. J. Clin. Invest. 19, 773–778 (1940)
64.
Pałko, T., Galwas, B.: Electrical properties of biological tissues, their measurements and biomedical applications. Automedica 17, 343–365 (1999)
65.
Patterson, R.P.: Sources of the thoracic cardiogenic electrical impedance signal as determined by a model. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 23, 411–417 (1985)CrossRefMathSciNet
66.
Penney, B.C.: Theory and cardiac applications of electrical impedance measurements. CRC Crit. Rev. Bioeng. 13, 227–281 (1986)
67.
Pethig, R.: Dielectric properties of body tissues. Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. 8(suppl. A), 5–12 (1987)
68.
Pickett, B.R., Buell, J.C.: Usefulness of the impedance cardiogram to reflect left ventricular diastolic function. Am. J. Cardiol. 71(12), 1099–1103 (1993)CrossRef
69.
Porter, J.M., Swain, I.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography. J. Biomed. Eng. 9(3), 222–231 (1987)CrossRef
70.
Quail, A.W., Traugott, F.M.: Effects of changing haematocrit, ventricular rate and myocardial inotropy on the accuracy of impedance cardiography. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 8(4), 335–343 (1981)CrossRef
71.
Raaijmakers, E., Faes, J.C., Goovaerts, H.G., de Vries, P.M.J.M., Heethaar, R.M.: The inacuracy of Kubicek’s one-cylinder model in thoracic impedance cardiography. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 44(1), 70–76 (1997)CrossRef
72.
Riese, H., Groot, P.F., van den Berg, M., Kupper, N.H., Magnee, E.H., Rohaan, E.J., Vrijkotte, T.G., Willemsen, G., de Geus, E.J.: Large-scale ensemble averaging of ambulatory impedance cardiograms. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 35(3), 467–477 (2003)
73.
Rosenberg, P., Yancy, C.W.: Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamics: an emphasis on bioimpedance cardiography. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 15(3), 151–155 (2000)CrossRef
74.
Sakamoto, K., Muto, K., Kanai, H., Iiuzuka, M.: Problems of impedance cardiography. Med. Eng. Comput. 17, 697–709 (1979)CrossRef
75.
Seigel, J.H., Fabian, M., Lankau, C., Levine, M., Cole, A., Nahmad, M.: Clinical and experimental use of thoracic impedance plethysmography in quantifying myocardial contractility. Surgery 67, 907–917 (1970)
76.
Shankar, T.M.R., Webster, J.G.: Automatically balancing electrical impedance plethysmography. J. Clin. Eng. 9, 129–134 (1984)
77.
Shankar, T.M.R., Webster, J.G., Shao, S.-Y.: The contribution of vessel volume change to the electrical impedance pulse. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng 1, 42–47 (1986)
78.
Sherwood, A., McFetridge, J., Hutcheson, J.S.: Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a feasibility study. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(6), 2365–2369 (1998)
79.
Siebert, J.: Impedance cardiography—atrio-ventricular heart blocs (in Polish). Elektrofizjologia i Elektrostymulacja Serca 2, 28–34 (1995)
80.
Siebert, J., Wtorek, J.: Impedance cardiography. The early diastolic phase of heart chambers feeling—O dz/dt. (in Polish). Ann Acad Gedan 23, 79–89 (1993)
81.
Smith, J.J., Bush, J.E., Wiedmeier, V.T., Tristani, F.E.: Application of impedance cardiography to study of postural stress. J. Appl. Physiol. 29(1), 133–137 (1970)
82.
Smith, J.J., Muzi, M., Barney, J.A., Ceschinn, J., Hayes, J., Ebert, T.J.: Impedance-derived cardiac indices in supine and upright exercise. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 17(5), 507–515 (1989)CrossRef
83.
Smorawiński, J., Nazar, K., Kaciuba-Uscilko, H., Kamińska, E., Cybulski, G., Kodrzycka, A., Bicz, B., Greenleaf, J.E.: Effects of 3-day bed rest on physiological responses to graded exercise in athletes and sedentary men. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 249–257 (2001)
84.
Sramek, B.B.: Cardiac output by electrical impedance. Med. Electron. 13(2), 93–97 (1982)
85.
Sramek, B.B.: Hemodynamic and pump-performance monitoring by electrical bioimpedance: new concepts. Probl. Resp Care 2(2), 274–290 (1989)
86.
Sramek, B.B.: Thoracic electrical bioimpedance: Basic principles and physiologic relationship. Noninvas Cardiol 3(2), 83–88 (1994)
87.
Swanson, D.K., Webster, J.G.: Errors in four-electrode impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 21(6), 674–680 (1983)CrossRef
88.
Takada, K., Fujinami, T., Senda, K., Nakayama, K., Nakano, S.: Clinical study of “A waves” (atrial waves) in impedance cardiograms. Am. Heart J. 94(6), 710–717 (1977)CrossRef
89.
Tanaka, K., Kanai, H., Nakayama, K., Ono, N.: The impedance of blood: the effects of red cell orientation and its application. Jpn. J. Med. Eng. 8, 436–443 (1970)
90.
Thomsen, A.: Impedance cardiography—Is the output from right or from left ventricle measured ? Intensive Care Med. 6, 206 (1979)CrossRef
91.
Yamamoto, Y., Mokushi, K., Tamura, S., Mutoh, Y., Miyashita, M., Hamamoto, H.: Design and implementation of a digital filter for beat-by-beat impedance cardiography. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 12, 1086–1090 (1988)CrossRef
92.
Webster, J.G. (ed.): Medical Instrumentation. Application and Design. Wiley, New York (2010)
93.
Willemsen, G.H., De Geus, E.J., Klaver, C.H., Van Doornen, L.J., Carroll, D.: Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram. Psychophysiology 33(2), 184–193 (1996)CrossRef
94.
Winter, U.J., Klocke, R.K., Kubicek, W.G., Niederlag, W. (eds): Thoracic Impedance Measurements in Clinical Cardiology. Thieme Medical Publishers, New York (1994)
95.
Wtorek, J., Poliński, A., Stelter, J., Nowakowski, A.: Cell for Measurements of Biological Tissue Complex Conductivity, Technology and Health Care, vol. 6, pp. 177–193. IOS Press (1998)
96.
Wtorek, J., Poliński, A.: The contribution of blood-flow-induced conductivity changes to measured impedance. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 52(1), 41–49 (2005)CrossRef
97.
Zhang, Y., Qu, M., Webster, J.G., Tompkins, W.J.: Impedance cardiography for ambulatory subjects. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the IEEE/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Frontiers of Engineering and Computing in Health Care, vol. 2, pp. 764–769. IEEE, New York (1985)
98.
Ziemba, A.W., Chwalbińska-Moneta, J., Kaciuba-Uscilko, H., Kruk, B., Krzeminski, K., Cybulski, G., Nazar, K.: Early effects of short-term aerobic training. Physiological responses to graded exercise. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 43(1), 57–63 (2003)
99.
Metadaten
Titel
Impedance Cardiography
verfasst von
Gerard Cybulski
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch
Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography

Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11986-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-11987-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2011

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11987-3_2

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise