Improved frequency regulation in smart grid system integrating renewable sources and hybrid energy storage system

The modern era is witnessing a growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly power sources. An interconnected power system capable of seamlessly integrating electric vehicles and renewable energy resources is being considered as a viable solution. However, this technology has some drawbacks, such as its lower system inertia, which limits its ability to respond to load capabilities. To overcome this issue, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) can be integrated with new techniques to enhance performance. This paper proposes a new Quasi Opposition Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (QOAOA) optimized Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative with Filter (FOPIDN) controller cascaded One Plus Tilted Derivative (1 + TD) controller with HESS of super-capacitor (SC) and Redox Flow Battery (RFB) to mitigate frequency and tie-line power variations in a multi-area restructured smart-grid system. The proposed controller's performance is evaluated under various conditions, such as load fluctuations, wind speed variations, solar irradiation, Governor Dead Band (GDB), and generation rate limitations. For unsystematic load the improvement in the performance of the proposed controller indicated by maximum variation in frequency (\(\Delta f_{1}\), \(\Delta f_{2}\), \(\Delta f_{3}\)) and power change on the tie-lines (\(\Delta P_{{{\text{tie}}12}}\), \(\Delta P_{{{\text{tie}}13}}\)) over FOPIDN controller is (98.65%, 48.78%, 52.52%) and (75.0%, 76.1%). The system performance is also analyzed when HESS devices are integrated into the three-area system, taking into account the varying nature of wind speed and solar irradiation. The improvement in performance indicated by maximum variation in frequency (\(\Delta f_{1}\), \(\Delta f_{2}\), \(\Delta f_{3}\)) and power change on the tie-lines \(\Delta P_{{{\text{tie}}23}}\) by incorporating HESS in the system is (45.21%, 33.33%, 29.59%) and 46.95% over without energy storage system. The proposed controller’s outcomes are validated using real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation with OPAL-RT.