1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Object Detection
2.2 Head Detection
3 Methodology
3.1 Disadvantages of GhostNet-SSD
3.2 SSD Architecture Optimization
Model | Params (M) | Madd (M) | FLOPs (M) | MemR + W (M) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GhostNet-SSD | 3.066 | 717.12 | 363.45 | 139.31 |
Optimized-SSD | 1.419 | 450.86 | 230.27 | 132.53 |
Block | Input | #exp | #out | ECoA | Stride |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
conv_0 | 3002 × 3 | – | 16 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_1 | 1502 × 16 | 16 | 16 | – | 2 |
G-bneck_2 | 1502 × 16 | 48 | 24 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_3 | 752 × 24 | 72 | 24 | – | 2 |
G-bneck_4 | 752 × 24 | 72 | 40 | 1 | 1 |
G-bneck_5 | 382 × 40 | 120 | 40 | 1 | 2 |
G-bneck_6 | 382 × 40 | 240 | 40 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_7 | 192 × 80 | 184 | 80 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_8 | 192 × 80 | 184 | 80 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_9 | 192 × 80 | 480 | 112 | – | 1 |
G-bneck_10 | 192 × 112 | 480 | 112 | 1 | 1 |
G-bneck_11 | 192 × 112 | 672 | 112 | 1 | 1 |
Auxiliary_1 | 192 × 112 | – | 512 | – | 2 |
Auxiliary_2 | 102 × 512 | – | 256 | – | 1 |
Auxiliary_3 | 52 × 256 | – | 256 | – | 1 |
Auxiliary_4 | 32 × 256 | – | 256 | – | 1 |
Prediction_1 | 382 × 40 | – | 24 | – | 1 |
Prediction_2 | 192 × 112 | – | 24 | – | 1 |
Prediction_3 | 102 × 512 | – | 16 | – | 1 |
Prediction_4 | 52 × 256 | – | 8 | – | 1 |
Prediction_5 | 32 × 256 | – | 12 | – | 1 |
Prediction_6 | 12 × 256 | – | 8 | – | 1 |
3.3 Attention Mechanism Optimization
3.4 Anchor Scale Optimization
3.5 Reasoning Acceleration
4 Experiments and Results
4.1 Dataset
4.2 Evaluation Metrics
4.3 Implementation Details
4.4 Comparative Results with Other Models
Model | Params (M) | MAdd (G) | P (%) | Speed (FPS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 3.06 | 0.67 | 94.56 | 32 |
MobileNet V3_Small-SSD | 3.39 | 0.57 | 94.27 | 31 |
MobileNetV3_Large-SSD | 6.07 | 1.00 | 95.36 | 29 |
YOLOv5-N(r6.1) | 3.2 | 4.5 | 96.12 | 35 |
YOLO-X-S | 9.0 | 26.8 | 97.25 | 36 |
YOLOv7-tiny-SiLU | 6.2 | 13.2 | 96.13 | 64 |
Proposed work | 1.42 | 0.42 | 97.91 | 61 |
4.5 Ablation Study
Model | ECoA | Auxiliary Layer optimization | New anchor | Acceleration | P (%) | Speed (FPS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model1 | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | 94.56 | 32 |
Model2 | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | 97.26 | 37 |
Model3 | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | 94.39 | 50 |
Model4 | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | 95.87 | 38 |
Model5 | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | 94.56 | 34 |
Model6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | 97.14 | 54 |
Model7 | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | 97.98 | 43 |
Model8 | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | 97.26 | 39 |
Model9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | 97.91 | 60 |
Model10 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 97.91 | 61 |
4.6 Effect of Sigma (σ) on Anchor Scale
Sigma (σ) | P (%) | Speed (FPS) |
---|---|---|
0.1 | 91.27 | 40 |
0.2 | 95.87 | 38 |
0.5 | 95.86 | 35 |
1.0 | 95.83 | 33 |
1.5 | 91.41 | 30 |