Skip to main content

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Interactive Machine Translation

verfasst von : Dr. Alejandro Héctor Toselli, Dr. Enrique Vidal, Prof. Francisco Casacuberta

Erschienen in: Multimodal Interactive Pattern Recognition and Applications

Verlag: Springer London

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Achieving high-quality translation between any pair of languages is not possible with the current Machine-Translation (MT) technology a human post-editing of the outputs of the MT system being necessary. Therefore, MT is a suitable area to apply the Interactive Pattern Recognition (IPR) framework and this application has led to what nowadays is known as Interactive Machine Translation (IMT). IMT can predict the translation of a given source sentence, and the human translator can accept or correct some of the errors. The text amended by the human translator can be used by the system to suggest new improved translations with the same translation models in an iterative process until the whole output is accepted by the human.
As in other areas where IPR is being applied, IMT offers a nice framework for adaptive learning. The consolidated translations obtained through the successive steps of the interaction process can easily be converted into new, fresh, training data, useful for dynamically adapting the system to the changing environment. On the other hand, IMT also allows one to take advantage of some available multi-modal interfaces to increase of productivity. Multi-modal interfaces and adaptive learning in IMT will be covered in Chaps. 7 and 8, respectively.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Following the tradition in the error-correcting literature, it is assumed that the input data are a “distorted” version of the “correct” data represented by the model.
 
2
Although multiple reference translations would be desirable; because of the high cost of obtaining alternative reference translations only one reference translation is usually at our disposal.
 
3
The interested reader is referred to [7] for a detailed comparative of SMT evaluation measures.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Amengual, J. C., & Vidal, E. (1998). Efficient error-correcting Viterbi parsing. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(10), 1109–1116. CrossRef Amengual, J. C., & Vidal, E. (1998). Efficient error-correcting Viterbi parsing. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(10), 1109–1116. CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrachina, S., Bender, O., Casacuberta, F., Civera, J., Cubel, E., Shahram, K., Lagarda, A. L., Ney, H., Tomás, J., Vidal, E., & Vilar, J. M. (2009). Statistical approaches to computer-assisted translation. Computational Linguistics, 35(8), 3–28. MathSciNetCrossRef Barrachina, S., Bender, O., Casacuberta, F., Civera, J., Cubel, E., Shahram, K., Lagarda, A. L., Ney, H., Tomás, J., Vidal, E., & Vilar, J. M. (2009). Statistical approaches to computer-assisted translation. Computational Linguistics, 35(8), 3–28. MathSciNetCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bender, O., Hasan, S., Vilar, D., Zens, R., & Ney, H. (2005). Comparison of generation strategies for interactive machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 05) (pp. 33–40), Budapest, Hungary. Bender, O., Hasan, S., Vilar, D., Zens, R., & Ney, H. (2005). Comparison of generation strategies for interactive machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 05) (pp. 33–40), Budapest, Hungary.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Blatz, J., Fitzgerald, E., Foster, G., Gandrabur, S., Goutte, C., Kuesza, A., Sanchis, A., & Ueffing, N. (2004). Confidence estimation for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on computational linguistics (COLING 04) (p. 315), Geneva, Switzerland. CrossRef Blatz, J., Fitzgerald, E., Foster, G., Gandrabur, S., Goutte, C., Kuesza, A., Sanchis, A., & Ueffing, N. (2004). Confidence estimation for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on computational linguistics (COLING 04) (p. 315), Geneva, Switzerland. CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, P. F., Cocke, J., Pietra, S. A. D., Pietra, V. J. D., Jelinek, F., Lafferty, J. D., Mercer, R. L., & Roosin, P. S. (1990). A statistical approach to machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 16(2), 79–85. Brown, P. F., Cocke, J., Pietra, S. A. D., Pietra, V. J. D., Jelinek, F., Lafferty, J. D., Mercer, R. L., & Roosin, P. S. (1990). A statistical approach to machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 16(2), 79–85.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, P. F., Pietra, S. A. D., Pietra, V. J. D., & Mercer, R. L. (1993). The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation. Computational Linguistics, 19(2), 263–310. Brown, P. F., Pietra, S. A. D., Pietra, V. J. D., & Mercer, R. L. (1993). The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation. Computational Linguistics, 19(2), 263–310.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Callison-Burch, C., Fordyce, C., Koehn, P., Monz, C., & Schroeder, J. (2008). Further meta-evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on statistical machine translation (WMT 08) (pp. 70–106), Morristown, NJ, USA. CrossRef Callison-Burch, C., Fordyce, C., Koehn, P., Monz, C., & Schroeder, J. (2008). Further meta-evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on statistical machine translation (WMT 08) (pp. 70–106), Morristown, NJ, USA. CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Callison-Burch, C., Koehn, P., Monz, C., Peterson, K., Przybocki, M., & Zaidan, O. (2010). Findings of the 2010 joint workshop on statistical machine translation and metrics for machine translation. In Proceedings of the joint fifth workshop on statistical machine translation and metricsMATR (pp. 17–53), Uppsala, Sweden. Callison-Burch, C., Koehn, P., Monz, C., Peterson, K., Przybocki, M., & Zaidan, O. (2010). Findings of the 2010 joint workshop on statistical machine translation and metrics for machine translation. In Proceedings of the joint fifth workshop on statistical machine translation and metricsMATR (pp. 17–53), Uppsala, Sweden.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Casacuberta, F., & Vidal, E. (2004). Machine translation with inferred stochastic finite-state transducers. Computational Linguistics, 30(2), 205–225. MathSciNetMATHCrossRef Casacuberta, F., & Vidal, E. (2004). Machine translation with inferred stochastic finite-state transducers. Computational Linguistics, 30(2), 205–225. MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Casacuberta, F., Ney, H., Och, F. J., Vidal, E., Vilar, J., Barrachina, S., García-Varea, I., Llorens, D., Martínez, C., Molau, S., Nevado, F., Pastor, M., Picó, D., Sanchis, A., & Tillmann, C. (2004). Some approaches to statistical and finite-state speech-to-speech translation. Computer Speech & Language, 18, 25–47. CrossRef Casacuberta, F., Ney, H., Och, F. J., Vidal, E., Vilar, J., Barrachina, S., García-Varea, I., Llorens, D., Martínez, C., Molau, S., Nevado, F., Pastor, M., Picó, D., Sanchis, A., & Tillmann, C. (2004). Some approaches to statistical and finite-state speech-to-speech translation. Computer Speech & Language, 18, 25–47. CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Casacuberta, F., Civera, J., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A. L., Lapalme, G., Macklovitch, E., & Vidal, E. (2009). Human interaction for high quality machine translation. Communications of the ACM, 52(10), 135–138. CrossRef Casacuberta, F., Civera, J., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A. L., Lapalme, G., Macklovitch, E., & Vidal, E. (2009). Human interaction for high quality machine translation. Communications of the ACM, 52(10), 135–138. CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A. L., Barrachina, S., Vidal, E., Casacuberta, F., Picó, D., & González, J. (2004). From machine translation to computer assisted translation using finite-state models. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods for natural language processing (EMNLP 04) (pp. 349–356), Barcelona, Spain. Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A. L., Barrachina, S., Vidal, E., Casacuberta, F., Picó, D., & González, J. (2004). From machine translation to computer assisted translation using finite-state models. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods for natural language processing (EMNLP 04) (pp. 349–356), Barcelona, Spain.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A., Barrachina, S., Casacuberta, F., Vidal, E., Picó, D., & González, J. (2004). A syntactic pattern recognition approach to computer assisted translation. In A. Fred, T. Caelli, A. Campilho, R. P. W. Duin & D. de Ridder (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 3138. Advances in statistical, structural and syntactical pattern recognition (pp. 207–215). Berlin: Springer. CrossRef Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Cubel, E., Lagarda, A., Barrachina, S., Casacuberta, F., Vidal, E., Picó, D., & González, J. (2004). A syntactic pattern recognition approach to computer assisted translation. In A. Fred, T. Caelli, A. Campilho, R. P. W. Duin & D. de Ridder (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 3138. Advances in statistical, structural and syntactical pattern recognition (pp. 207–215). Berlin: Springer. CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Cubel, E., González, J., Lagarda, A., Casacuberta, F., Juan, A., & Vidal, E. (2003). Adapting finite-state translation to the TransType2 project. In Proceedings of the joint conference combining the 8th international workshop of the European association for machine translation and the 4th controlled language applications workshop (EAMT-CLAW 03) (pp. 54–60), Dublin, Ireland. Cubel, E., González, J., Lagarda, A., Casacuberta, F., Juan, A., & Vidal, E. (2003). Adapting finite-state translation to the TransType2 project. In Proceedings of the joint conference combining the 8th international workshop of the European association for machine translation and the 4th controlled language applications workshop (EAMT-CLAW 03) (pp. 54–60), Dublin, Ireland.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Cubel, E., Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Lagarda, A. L., Barrachina, S., Vidal, E., Casacuberta, F., Picó, D., González, J., & Rodríguez, L. (2004). Finite-state models for computer assisted translation. In Proceedings of the 16th European conference on artificial intelligence (ECAI 04) (pp. 586–590), Valencia, Spain. Cubel, E., Civera, J., Vilar, J. M., Lagarda, A. L., Barrachina, S., Vidal, E., Casacuberta, F., Picó, D., González, J., & Rodríguez, L. (2004). Finite-state models for computer assisted translation. In Proceedings of the 16th European conference on artificial intelligence (ECAI 04) (pp. 586–590), Valencia, Spain.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster, G., Isabelle, P., & Plamondon, P. (1997). Target-text mediated interactive machine translation. Machine Translation, 12(1–2), 175–194. CrossRef Foster, G., Isabelle, P., & Plamondon, P. (1997). Target-text mediated interactive machine translation. Machine Translation, 12(1–2), 175–194. CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster, G., Langlais, P., & Lapalme, G. (2002). User-friendly text prediction for translators. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP 02) (pp. 148–155), Philadelphia, USA. CrossRef Foster, G., Langlais, P., & Lapalme, G. (2002). User-friendly text prediction for translators. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP 02) (pp. 148–155), Philadelphia, USA. CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Gandrabur, S., & Foster, G. (2003). Confidence estimation for text prediction. In Proceedings of the conference on natural language learning (CoNLL 03) (pp. 315–321), Edmonton, Canada. Gandrabur, S., & Foster, G. (2003). Confidence estimation for text prediction. In Proceedings of the conference on natural language learning (CoNLL 03) (pp. 315–321), Edmonton, Canada.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Rubio, J., Ortiz-Martínez, D., & Casacuberta, F. (2010). Balancing user effort and translation error in interactive machine translation via confidence measures. In Proceedings of the 48th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 10) (pp. 173–177), Uppsala, Sweden. González-Rubio, J., Ortiz-Martínez, D., & Casacuberta, F. (2010). Balancing user effort and translation error in interactive machine translation via confidence measures. In Proceedings of the 48th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 10) (pp. 173–177), Uppsala, Sweden.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Rubio, J., Ortiz-Martínez, D., & Casacuberta, F. (2010). On the use of confidence measures within an interactive-predictive machine translation system. In Proceedings of the 15th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 10), Saint-Raphaël, France. González-Rubio, J., Ortiz-Martínez, D., & Casacuberta, F. (2010). On the use of confidence measures within an interactive-predictive machine translation system. In Proceedings of the 15th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 10), Saint-Raphaël, France.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiménez, V. M., & Marzal, A. (1999). Computing the k shortest paths: a new algorithm and an experimental coparison. In J. S. Viter & C. D. Zaraliagis (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 1668. Algorithm engineering (pp. 15–29). Berlin: Springer. CrossRef Jiménez, V. M., & Marzal, A. (1999). Computing the k shortest paths: a new algorithm and an experimental coparison. In J. S. Viter & C. D. Zaraliagis (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 1668. Algorithm engineering (pp. 15–29). Berlin: Springer. CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Koehn, P. (2010). Statistical machine translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MATH Koehn, P. (2010). Statistical machine translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MATH
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Koehn, P., & Haddow, B. (2009). Interactive assistance to human translators using statistical machine translation methods. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Koehn, P., & Haddow, B. (2009). Interactive assistance to human translators using statistical machine translation methods. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cowan, B., Shen, W., Moran, C., Zens, R., Dyer, C., Bojar, O., Constantin, A., & Herbst, E. (2007). Moses: Open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 07), Prague, Czech Republic. Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cowan, B., Shen, W., Moran, C., Zens, R., Dyer, C., Bojar, O., Constantin, A., & Herbst, E. (2007). Moses: Open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 07), Prague, Czech Republic.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Langlais, P., Foster, G., & Lapalme, G. (2000). Unit completion for a computer-aided translation typing system. Machine Translation, 15(4), 267–294. MATHCrossRef Langlais, P., Foster, G., & Lapalme, G. (2000). Unit completion for a computer-aided translation typing system. Machine Translation, 15(4), 267–294. MATHCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Langlais, P., Lapalme, G., & Loranger, M. (2002). TransType: development-evaluation cycles to boost translator’s productivity. Machine Translation, 15(4), 77–98. CrossRef Langlais, P., Lapalme, G., & Loranger, M. (2002). TransType: development-evaluation cycles to boost translator’s productivity. Machine Translation, 15(4), 77–98. CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowerre, B. T. (1976). The Harpy speech recognition system. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Lowerre, B. T. (1976). The Harpy speech recognition system. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Mariño, J. B., Banchs, R. E., Crego, J. M., de Gispert, A., Lambert, P., Fonollosa, J. A. R., & Costa-jussà, M. R. (2006). N-gram-based machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 32(4), 527–549. MathSciNetMATHCrossRef Mariño, J. B., Banchs, R. E., Crego, J. M., de Gispert, A., Lambert, P., Fonollosa, J. A. R., & Costa-jussà, M. R. (2006). N-gram-based machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 32(4), 527–549. MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Nepveu, L., Lapalme, G., Langlais, P., & Foster, G. (2004). Adaptive language and translation models for interactive machine translation. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP 04) (pp. 190–197), Barcelona, Spain. Nepveu, L., Lapalme, G., Langlais, P., & Foster, G. (2004). Adaptive language and translation models for interactive machine translation. In Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP 04) (pp. 190–197), Barcelona, Spain.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Och, F. J. (2003). Minimum error rate training for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 03) (pp. 160–167), Sapporo, Japan. CrossRef Och, F. J. (2003). Minimum error rate training for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL 03) (pp. 160–167), Sapporo, Japan. CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Och, F. J., & Ney, H. (2004). The alignment template approach to statistical machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 30(4), 417–450. MATHCrossRef Och, F. J., & Ney, H. (2004). The alignment template approach to statistical machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 30(4), 417–450. MATHCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Och, F. J., Zens, R., & Ney, H. (2003). Efficient search for interactive statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics (EACL 03) (pp. 387–393), Budapest, Hungary. Och, F. J., Zens, R., & Ney, H. (2003). Efficient search for interactive statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics (EACL 03) (pp. 387–393), Budapest, Hungary.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ortiz-Martínez, D., García-Varea, I., & Casacuberta, F. (2005). Thot: a toolkit to train phrase-based statistical translation models. In Proceedings of the 10th machine translation summit (MT Summit 05) (pp. 141–148), Phuket, Thailand. Ortiz-Martínez, D., García-Varea, I., & Casacuberta, F. (2005). Thot: a toolkit to train phrase-based statistical translation models. In Proceedings of the 10th machine translation summit (MT Summit 05) (pp. 141–148), Phuket, Thailand.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Patry, A., & Langlais, P. (2009). Prediction of words in statistical machine translation using a multilayer perceptron. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09) (pp. 101–111), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Patry, A., & Langlais, P. (2009). Prediction of words in statistical machine translation using a multilayer perceptron. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09) (pp. 101–111), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis, A., Juan, A., & Vidal, E. (2007). Estimation of confidence measures for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 11th machine translation summit (MT Summit 07) (pp. 407–412), Copenhagen, Denmark. Sanchis, A., Juan, A., & Vidal, E. (2007). Estimation of confidence measures for machine translation. In Proceedings of the 11th machine translation summit (MT Summit 07) (pp. 407–412), Copenhagen, Denmark.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat SchlumbergerSema S.A., I. T. de Informática, für Informatik VI, R. W. T. H. A. L., en Linguistique Informatique Laboratory University of Montreal, R. A., Soluciones, C., Gamma, S., and Europe, X. R. C. (2001). TT2. TransType2—computer assisted translation. Project Technical Annex. Information Society Technologies (IST) Programme, IST-2001-32091. SchlumbergerSema S.A., I. T. de Informática, für Informatik VI, R. W. T. H. A. L., en Linguistique Informatique Laboratory University of Montreal, R. A., Soluciones, C., Gamma, S., and Europe, X. R. C. (2001). TT2. TransType2—computer assisted translation. Project Technical Annex. Information Society Technologies (IST) Programme, IST-2001-32091.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Simard, M., & Isabelle, P. (2009). Phrase-based machine translation in a computer-assisted translation environment. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09) (pp. 255–261), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Simard, M., & Isabelle, P. (2009). Phrase-based machine translation in a computer-assisted translation environment. In Proceedings of the 12th machine translation summit (MT Summit 09) (pp. 255–261), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomás, J., & Casacuberta, F. (2006). Statistical phrase-based models for interactive computer-assisted translation. In Proceedings of the 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and 21th international conference on computational linguistics (COLING/ACL 06) (pp. 835–841), Sydney, Australia. Tomás, J., & Casacuberta, F. (2006). Statistical phrase-based models for interactive computer-assisted translation. In Proceedings of the 44th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and 21th international conference on computational linguistics (COLING/ACL 06) (pp. 835–841), Sydney, Australia.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Ueffing, N., & Ney, H. (2005). Application of word-level confidence measures in interactive statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 05) (pp. 262–270), Budapest, Hungary. Ueffing, N., & Ney, H. (2005). Application of word-level confidence measures in interactive statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 10th conference of the European chapter of the association for machine translation (EAMT 05) (pp. 262–270), Budapest, Hungary.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ueffing, N., & Ney, H. (2007). Word-level confidence estimation for machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 33(1), 9–40. MATHCrossRef Ueffing, N., & Ney, H. (2007). Word-level confidence estimation for machine translation. Computational Linguistics, 33(1), 9–40. MATHCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner, R. A. (1974). Order-n correction for regular languages. Communications of the ACM, 17(5), 265–268. MATHCrossRef Wagner, R. A. (1974). Order-n correction for regular languages. Communications of the ACM, 17(5), 265–268. MATHCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Interactive Machine Translation
verfasst von
Dr. Alejandro Héctor Toselli
Dr. Enrique Vidal
Prof. Francisco Casacuberta
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer London
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-479-1_6

Neuer Inhalt