1. Introduction: Mediascape and the State

Lundby (2009).

Ibid.: 1.

Rose (2003).

Thornes (2004).

Mitchell (1992).

Thornes (2004).

Painter (1995, p. 32).

Kuus and Agnew (2008, pp. 95–106).

Kittler (1999).

McLuhan (1964).

McLuhan (2006).

de Certeau (2009, pp. 76–88).

Durham and Kellner (2001, p. 24).

Couldry (2012).

Ibid.: 33–4.

Ibid.: 33–4.

Ibid.: 34–5.

Shrivastava (1998).

Gorman and Mclean (2009).

McLuhan [1964(2001)].

Couldry (2012, p. 66).

Ibid.: 66.

Ibid.: 66.

Ibid.: 71–2.

Ibid.: 69.

Painter (1995).

Kuus and Agnew (2008).

Painter (1995, p. 64).

In Islam, Khalifa was custodian and ruler of Islamic territory, but abolished by Britishers.

Istanbul (Turkey) is known for sitting place of Islamic rulers.

Painter (1995, p. 35).

Ibid.: 35.

Dean (2010).

Ibid.: 101.

Rajagopal (2009, p. 17).

Berry et al. (2013, p. 5).

Ibid.: 5.

Ibid.: 6.

Ibid.: 6.

Henri Lefebvre calls it ‘representational spaces’ in his book The Production of Space (1991: 39). On the foundations of first space, second space and the third space it can describe as a creative recombination and extension of spaces. The first space is about the “real” material world while second space is about the reality though “imagined” representation of spatiality and as proceeding into third space where “real” and “imagined” combined to represents the world. The real and imagined feature easily found across the media including audio-visual and print. However, Lefebvre do not directly acknowledge the media as virtual space rather he emphasis on the heterogeneity of space in myriad senses. Further, see Soja (1996).

Wu and Coleman (2009).

Scheufele and Tewksbury (2007).

Soja (2009).

Soja (1996, p. 5).

Ibid.: 5.

Lundby (2009, p. 12).

Ibid.: 6.

Stephens (2007) defines news “as new information about a subject of some public interest that is shared with some portion of the public” (quote in Nagpal 2011: 23). Journalists tell people the things they don’t know about and help gain a balanced perspective about things they already know. Besides providing information and aiding learning, news also increases awareness of our societal norms, value systems and beliefs. News brings us closer to people of other cultures (ibid.: 23).

“The functions of headlines are to attract viewer attention, depict the mood of story and index the contents of news bulletin. Hence the headlines must be crispy and attention grabbing. But the serious nature of news should be maintained except in soft stories. Headlines also encourage viewers to watch an interesting segment in anticipation of interesting news which is on the way” (Nagpal 2011: 24).

“The caption is easy: just describe the photo or image succinctly and accurately. But when captioning photos for newspapers, captioning becomes more of an art form. Captions—or cutlines, as they’re frequently called—must, like a good headline, draw readers into the story. Cutlines are full sentences, sometimes two”, (http://​facstaff.​uww.​edu/​carlberj/​230/​hpc.​htm. Accessed, April 23, 2013).

Photographs generally work as memory weapon when people are supposed to grasp the news in the concerned contexts. Therefore, photographs are considered important elements in news compiling.

Content analysis is about analyzing media content in systematic ways wherein “sample of media, establishing categories of content, measuring the presence of each category within the sample, and interpreting the results, usually against some external criteria” (Bertrand and Hughes 2005, p. 198). This study will follow the methods of content analysis to interpret the headlines, caption and photographs. Content analysis (Mitchell 2011; Bertrand and Hughes 2005) is a research tool focused on the actual content of media. To conduct a content analysis on a text, the text is coded or broken down, into manageable categories on a variety of levels—word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme—and then examined using one of content analysis’ basic methods: conceptual analysis or relational analysis. It is used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or sentences within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this presence in an objective manner. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversations, advertising, theatre, informal conversation, or any occurrence of communicative language. Krippendorff (2004). See for further details Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Neuendorf (2002), Weber (1990), Krippendorff and Bock (2008).

Semiotic analysis is about the study of signs and symbols. For more details see, Bertrand and Hughes (2005, p. 203).

Bertrand and Hughes (2005, p. 204).