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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Margot A. Hurlbert

Erschienen in: Adaptive Governance of Disaster

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Agriculture is a fundamental sector providing food, economic output and employment, and a way of life for billions of people. It faces many challenges as a result of climate change, such as changing seasonal patterns, increasing climate variability and more extreme weather events. Extreme weather events and in particular, drought and flood (d&f) are increasing in frequency and intensity (IPCC 2012a, 2014; Parry et al. 2007). The adaptive capacity of agricultural producers to these extreme events needs to be increased in order to reduce their vulnerability to the impacts of drought (through reduced crop and resulting sales revenue) and flood (through damaged crops and equipment). The aim of this research is to increase understanding of policy instruments and goverrnance practices that will increase the adaptive capacity of rural agricultural producers to d&f by strengthening their human, social, economic, technological, and natural capitals.

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Nächstes Kapitel Adaptive Governance (Management, Co-management and Anticipatory)

The impacts of climate change include increasing climate variability, changing seasonal patterns, and increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events including d&f (IPCC 2014). This book focuses on d&f and the instruments responding to d&f and climate change. Variability has and will always be present and thus is irrelevant to this book.

Other disasters include storms, extreme temperature, wildfires, and mass movement (WMO 2014).

An institution is a stable and a collective pattern of dealing with a basic social function (Lauer et al. 2006). It is a set of norms and rules, which define roles and procedures for people, and determines what is appropriate, legitimate and proper. These rules have a degree of permanency and are relatively stable (Homer-Dixon 1999). Formal institutions are represented by water management organizations, government ministries, or legislation and tend to have their rules enforced by a state actor; informal institutions, such as the network of rural agricultural producers formed through the act of having coffee together, embody the socially shared rules that impact behaviour that may be self-enforcing (Helmke and Levitsky 2003). An organization is an institution with an enduring structure represented by a group of individuals bound together by some common purpose to achieve certain objectives (North 1989).

Integrated watershed management is a particular strategy of water governance that seeks to model water governance on a geographical watershed basis integrating social, economic, ecological and policy concerns with science by engaging with stakeholders (GWP 2000). Often this management model is touted as ideal and a panacea for all water governance challenges, but is hard to find in practice (Blomquist et al. 2004).

Vulnerability is insecurity in the wellbeing of individuals, households and communities, including sensitivity to change, and can be understood as a lack of resilience to changes (environmental, economic, social, and political) that threaten welfare (Moser and Satterthwaite 2008; Moser 1998).

Chile is a member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development since 2010, but is characterized as a developing country under the Climate Convention of 1992.

Within this project 268 interviews were conducted in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and 86 interviews in the Elqui River Basin of Chile assessing the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of local agricultural producers by a team of social scientists. Thereafter, I conducted a further 51 interviews in Saskatchewan, 49 in Alberta exploring water governance and vulnerability to climate change. A colleague conducted 30 interviews in Chile assessing governance

243 interviews were conducted with agricultural producers in Saskatchewan and I conducted12 interviews with key policy stakeholders with an extensive background in drought and agriculture in Saskatchewan and Canada

One hundred interviews were conducted with local watershed advisory groups.

In this study in Canada 100 interviews were conducted with local agricultural producers exploring vulnerability to drought and flood, 70 with local governance people exploring the contribution of local governance to the vulnerability of agricultural producers to drought and flood. A similar study led by Paula Musetta was conducted in Argentina.

More specifically defined as: physical capital (equipment, infrastructure, productive resources), financial capital (savings, supplies, credit), human capital (investments in education, health), social capital (an intangible asset including rules, norms, obligations, reciprocity and trust embedded in social relations, social structures and societies’ institutional arrangements), and natural capital (stock of environmentally provided assets such as forests, soil, minerals etc.) (Moser 2009).

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Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Margot A. Hurlbert
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Adaptive Governance of Disaster
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57800-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-57801-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57801-9_1