In the course of this study, several test series were carried out to investigate the triboelectrostatic charging behaviour of various oxides. At the beginning, the influence of the degree of aging and the influence of the sample storage on the charging efficiency of the oxide samples was analysed. For this purpose, two oxide samples were stored under different environmental conditions and then sorted using triboelectrostatic belt separation. Results of a previous series of tests showed that an increased feed temperature has a negative effect on the charging behaviour of calcium and magnesium oxide. Therefore, the effects of a reduced feed temperature were also examined. For these experiments, samples were stored at 8 °C under exclusion of air. In addition, a series of tests was carried out with a gradual increase of the voltage on the triboelectrostatic belt separator in order to determine possible differences in the charging efficiency of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide and to subsequently use them for the separation.
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1 Introduction
The company “Styromag Steirische Magnesitindustrie GmbH” provided the samples for the separation tests. The main and valuable component of these samples is magnesium oxide, accompanying components are silicon dioxide and calcium oxide. In a previous study “Processing of caustic calcined magnesite (magnesium oxide) by the use of triboelectrostatic belt separation” [1] the depletion of the silicon dioxide succeeded. A separation of calcium and magnesium oxide was not achieved in the course of these experiments.
Based on the results of this previous study the charging behaviour of the contained oxides was analysed in more detail in order to expand the acquired basic knowledge and to find a way to separate calcium and magnesium oxide.
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For the production of the oxide samples, raw magnesite was burned at temperatures below 900 °C, which causes a (magnesium-) oxide product with a moderate to high level of reactivity [2].
Because of the reactivity, it is an imperative to search for dry processing techniques for the separation of such oxides. In case of the application of a wet processing technology, the burnt oxides transform to their hydroxides and influence the product quality and applicability in a negative way [1].
2 Experimentation
The experimental work for this study was carried out in an air-conditioned room of the Chair of Mineral Processing at the Montanuniversitaet Leoben with a triboelectrostatic belt separator of type “ST X2” provided by ST Equipment & Technology LLC (STET).
2.1 Triboelectrostatic Belt Separator
The separation of two non-conductors in an electrostatic field by utilization of triboelectric charging is implemented by free-fall separators or belt separators. The technology of separation in the triboelectric field including the belt separators are described at length in Wills’ Mineral Processing Technology [3] and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry [4].
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The separation tests presented within this paper were conducted with a triboelectric belt separator called “ST X2” manufactured by STET for laboratory purposes. The operational principle of the “ST X2” is explained in [1]. A graphic representation of the sorting process can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Operation principle of a triboelectrostatic belt separator [5]
×
3 Sample Characterisation
In the course of these experiments two oxide samples were analysed. The main and valuable component of both samples is magnesium oxide, accompanying components are silicon dioxide and calcium oxide. The samples were labelled with “batch A” (produced 6 months before the experiments) and “batch B” (produced in the month of the experiments).
In order to get an impression of the mineral phase distribution in the grain size classes of both oxide batches, a sieve analysis (100, 80, 63 and 40 µm) was carried out and the chemical composition was determined in the different fractions. Fig. 2 shows the particle size distribution of the two analysed oxide batches in logarithmic grid. The more recently produced batch B has a coarser particle size distribution than the older batch A.
Fig. 2
Particle size distribution of both oxide samples (batch A and batch B) in the logarithmic grid
×
Table 1 and Fig. 3 show the chemical composition in the different fractions. The MgO content increases with decreasing particle size, the two accompanying components CaO and SiO2 show an inverse trend. Both batches result in a silimar characteristic.
TABLE 1
Chemical composition in the particle size classes of both oxide samples (batch A and batch B)
Batch A
Batch B
Fraction
MgO
CaO
SiO2
MgO
CaO
SiO2
[µm]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
>100
51.25
20.06
9.15
61.40
12.90
6.60
100/80
63.01
10.13
6.25
72.20
7.30
4.20
80/63
75.15
7.38
5.07
78.00
6.20
2.60
63/40
83.48
4.37
2.93
81.70
4.10
2.90
40/0
85.77
3.63
2.86
84.10
3.40
2.90
Fig. 3
Chemical composition in relation to the fractions of both oxide samples (batch A and batch B)
×
As part of the sample characterisation, the reactivity of both oxide batches against an aqueous citric acid solution (0.15 mol/l) was determined in order to check if there is a relationship between sample age or reactivity and charging efficiency. The neutralisation speed is an indicator for reactivity and therefore also for the degree of aging of oxide samples [6].
The pH curves for the neutralisation reaction are shown in Fig. 4. The measurement was carried out twice for each sample. The pH value increases significantly for the newer batch B compared to the older batch A.
Fig. 4
Reactivity to citric acid of both oxide batches (batch A and batch B)
×
4 Influence of the Sample History
To check whether different storage conditions affect the triboelectrostatic charging behaviour, the two oxide batches (A and B) were stored for approximately 100 h under the conditions shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Storage conditions for the oxide samples
Storage condition number
Time [h]
Temperature [°C]
Relative humidity [%]
Location
1
100
25
40
Open in the lab
2
100
80
0
Drying oven
3
100
20
25
Climatic chamber
The machine parameters for the separation of the oxide samples at the triboelectrostatic belt separator (Table 3) were determined in the previous study “Processing of caustic calcined magnesite (magnesium oxide) by the use of triboelectrostatic belt separation” [1, 7].
TABLE 3
Optimal machine parameters for sorting test on the triboelectrostatic belt separator [1, 7]
Belt speed
Gap between the electrodes
Applied voltage
Polarity of the top electrode
Feed rate
[fps]
[mm]
[kV]
(+/−)
(1–10)
35
9
6
(+)
5
The results of the sorting tests with the different stored oxide samples are summarized in Table 4. Storage at high relative humidity resulted in the least MgO grade in the concentrate (E2) in both batches. The CaO grade shows the same tendency for batch B; for batch A, this hardly differs between storage under normal room conditions and in the climate chamber. The recovery of SiO2 in the concentrate is lowest for batch B after sample storage under normal room conditions, but highest for batch A. The highest values for MgO and CaO output of both batches were achieved when the samples were stored in a drying oven, followed by cooling to room temperature with the exclusion of air. This leads to the conclusion that the influence of air humidity has a negative effect on the charging behaviour of calcium and magnesium oxide.
TABLE 4
Influence of the sample history on the triboelectrostatic charging efficiency
Batch/storage condition
Product
Recovery
SiO2
CaO
MgO
[%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
Batch A
Storage condition nr. 1
E1 (tailings)
14.3
8.4
65.9
4.7
13.6
76.2
13.3
E2 (concentrate)
85.7
0.7
34.1
4.9
86.4
82.9
86.7
Feed
100.0
1.8
100.0
4.9
100.0
81.9
100.0
Storage condition nr. 2
E1 (tailings)
14.4
16.9
78.0
3.5
10.8
70.5
12.4
E2 (concentrate)
85.6
0.8
22.0
4.9
89.2
84.0
87.6
Feed
100.0
3.1
100.0
4.7
100.0
82.0
100.0
Storage condition nr. 3
E1 (tailings)
15.1
15.4
79.4
4.6
14.5
69.8
12.9
E2 (concentrate)
84.9
0.7
20.6
4.8
85.5
83.5
87.1
Feed
100.0
2.9
100.0
4.8
100.0
81.4
100.0
Batch B
Storage condition nr. 1
E1 (tailings)
29.3
8.7
83.5
5.7
32.4
74.4
27.0
E2 (concentrate)
70.7
0.7
16.5
5.0
67.6
83.7
73.0
Feed
100.0
3.0
100.0
5.2
100.0
81.0
100.0
Storage condition nr. 2
E1 (tailings)
13.4
18.2
81.7
4.0
10.3
68.8
11.3
E2 (concentrate)
86.6
0.6
18.3
5.4
89.7
84.0
88.7
Feed
100.0
3.0
100.0
5.2
100.0
82.0
100.0
Storage condition nr. 3
E1 (tailings)
17.4
14.3
81.4
5.7
18.6
67.4
14.5
E2 (concentrate)
82.6
0.7
18.6
5.3
81.4
83.7
85.5
Feed
100.0
3.1
100.0
5.3
100.0
80.9
100.0
5 Separation Tests with Decreasing Feed Temperature
As determined in the course of the experiments on the influence of the feed temperature [1], increasing the feed temperature to approximately 60 °C has a negative effect on the triboelectrostatic charging of calcium and magnesium oxide. In addition to these tests, the samples were packed airtight for 24 h, stored in the laboratory refrigerator at 8 °C and then sorted at the triboelectrostatic belt separator, to check how decreasing the feed temperature affects the sorting success. The machine parameters were set according to Table 2. The tests were executed with batch B.
The results of the sorting tests with decreased feed temperature (8 °C) for the two oxide batches are summarized in Table 5. The experiments with decreased feed temperature showed the highest recovery of MgO achieved so far for both batches. The same trend was observed for the CaO recovery. This leads to the assumption that lowering the feed temperature results in an improvement in the charging efficiency of calcium and magnesium oxide.
TABLE 5
Influence of lowered feed temperature on the triboelectrostatic charging efficiency
Batch
Product
Recovery
SiO2
CaO
MgO
[%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
Batch A
E1 (tailings)
11.4
18.3
75.4
3.9
9.5
68.7
9.5
E2 (concentrate)
88.6
0.8
24.6
4.8
90.5
84.1
90.5
Feed
100.0
2.8
100.0
4.7
100.0
82.3
100.0
E1 (tailings)
10.9
18.5
73.9
4.1
9.1
68.2
9.1
E2 (concentrate)
89.1
0.8
26.1
5.0
90.9
83.5
91.0
Feed
100.0
2.7
100.0
4.9
100.0
81.8
100.0
Batch B
E1 (tailings)
9.8
21.7
75.0
3.6
6.9
66.2
7.9
E2 (concentrate)
90.2
0.8
25.0
5.2
93.1
83.9
92.1
Feed
100.0
2.8
100.0
5.1
100.0
82.2
100.0
E1 (tailings)
9.9
21.5
75.7
3.6
6.9
66.4
8.0
E2 (concentrate)
90.1
0.8
24.3
5.3
93.1
83.8
92.0
Feed
100.0
2.8
100.0
5.1
100.0
82.0
100.0
5.1 Separation Test with Gradual Increase of Voltage
In order to check the possibility of separating calcium and magnesium oxide, the intensity of the voltage was gradually increased. The products were analysed for each test with different voltage settings. The tests were executed with batch B. The four other parameters on the belt separator listed in Table 2 were kept constant. Table 6 summarises the balance sheets for the tests with gradual increase of the voltage. The recovery of CaO and MgO shows the same trend for the different voltage settings. For this reason, these two oxides cannot be separated from one another simply by changing the voltage intensity.
TABLE 6
Balance sheet for the separation test with gradual increase of the voltage
Applied voltage
Product
Recovery
SiO2
CaO
MgO
[%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
g [%]
ri [%]
1kV
E1 (tailings)
29.6
8.9
84.0
4.3
27.2
77.1
27.8
E2 (concentrate)
70.4
0.7
16.0
4.8
72.8
84.1
72.2
Feed
100.0
3.1
100.0
4.6
100.0
82.1
100.0
2kV
E1 (tailings)
24.5
10.3
77.6
4.1
21.5
75.9
22.7
E2 (concentrate)
75.5
0.7
16.1
4.9
78.5
84.1
77.3
Feed
100.0
3.3
100.0
4.7
100.0
82.1
100.0
3kV
E1 (tailings)
21.1
12.2
79.1
4.1
19.1
74.1
19.0
E2 (concentrate)
78.9
0.9
20.9
4.6
80.9
84.2
81.0
Feed
100.0
3.3
100.0
4.5
100.0
82.1
100.0
4kV
E1 (tailings)
14.2
16.1
79.4
3.7
11.2
71.0
12.3
E2 (concentrate)
85.8
0.7
20.6
4.8
88.8
84.4
87.7
Feed
100.0
2.9
100.0
4.7
100.0
82.5
100.0
5kV
E1 (tailings)
14.2
15.8
80.8
3.8
11.5
71.1
12.2
E2 (concentrate)
85.8
0.6
19.2
4.8
88.5
84.2
87.8
Feed
100.0
2.8
100.0
4.7
100.0
82.4
100.0
6kV
E1 (tailings)
13.2
16.2
81.4
3.8
10.4
70.8
11.4
E2 (concentrate)
86.8
0.6
18.6
5.0
89.6
83.7
88.6
Feed
100.0
2.6
100.0
4.8
100.0
82.0
100.0
6 Summary
Storage in a drying oven (100 °C) with subsequent cooling to room temperature with exclusion of air had a positive effect on the sorting success of calcium and magnesium oxides against silicon dioxide. This effect was more pronounced in batch B. The recovery of MgO in the concentrate was increased from 73.0 to 88.7% compared to open storage in the laboratory. The achieved MgO grade for this test was 84.0%.
The trials with a reduced feed temperature (storage in a laboratory refrigerator at 8 °C) led to the highest MgO recovery (for batch B) in the concentrate, so about 92.1% with a MgO grade of 83.9% were achieved. The same trend was observed for the CaO grade in the concentrate.
The experiments with a gradual increase in voltage confirmed that calcium and magnesium oxide show the same triboelectrostatic charging trend and therefore there is no possibility of separating MgO and CaO without additional feed pre-treatment.
7 Conclusions
As has also been found in previous studies, calcium and magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide charge in opposite directions. This trend also persists for different degrees of aging and storage conditions.
The separation of calcium and magnesium oxide is a much more complex issue. With an increasing age of the sample, which means that part of these oxides converts to hydroxide, leads to a more inefficient electrostatic charge. This manifests itself in less calcium and magnesium oxide grades in the concentrate when sorting by means of a triboelectrostatic belt separation.
The aging process is accelerated by contact with air of normal and high relative humidity, which is also reflected in the sorting results of the differently stored samples.
As determined by the experiments with a gradual increase in voltage, calcium and magnesium oxide have an almost identical charging behaviour. In order to enable separation of these two oxides, a special raw material pre-treatment must be taken into account [8].
Chemical conditioning could be considered for this procedure in order to either increase or suppress the charging of the surfaces of one of the two oxides, based on knowledge from other surface-active sorting processes, such as flotation.
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