Distortion and visible crack formation in green and seasoned timber: influence of annual ring orientation in the cross section

This work describes distortion (bow, crook, twist, cup) and the formation of visible cracks in green and seasoned timber of Scots pine and Norway spruce. Distortion and crack formation have been evaluated according to the original location in the cross section of the log. The purpose is to describe differences in distortion and crack formation between sawn timber taken from star sawing and from traditional sawing patterns. Bow and crook develop in the green timber immediately after sawing as a result of growth stress release. Drying and conditioning in general lead to a marginal increase in bow, but crook may show a large percentage increase depending on the location of the wood in the cross section. Twist and cup do not occur directly after sawing, but arise during seasoning of the wood. In sawn wood, the juvenile wood has a major influence on the twist. This means that timber sawn close to the pith shows a greater twist than timber sawn away from the pith. This is a consequence of the fibre orientation in this timber. Cupping increases with decreasing radius of curvature of the annual rings in the cross section of the timber. Cracks occur in timber before seasoning. The pattern of crack formation is the same in both pine and spruce; timber sawn close to the pith or with pith enclosed exhibits a considerably larger number of visible cracks than timber sawn away from the pith. Cracks occur mainly on surfaces orientated to the pith, a fact that becomes clearer when timber is observed close to the pith. Seasoned star-sawn timber with a rectangular cross section has bow and crook of the same extent as or less than that of timber sawn according to traditional sawing patterns. Seasoned star-sawn timber with a triangular cross section has high bow, but the crook is low. Star-sawn timber does not show any cup and has a good shape stability according to the geometrical shape in the cross section. It also has a very small twist and shows very few visible cracks after seasoning.