Skip to main content
Erschienen in: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 5-8/2019

31.07.2019 | ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Closed loop control of melt pool width in robotized laser powder–directed energy deposition process

verfasst von: Meysam Akbari, Radovan Kovacevic

Erschienen in: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology | Ausgabe 5-8/2019

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Robotized laser powder–directed energy deposition is a non-linear process, and the dynamic response of the system varies layer by layer. An adaptable PI controller with layer-dependent control gains was developed to ensure a constant melt pool width through the entire build. The laser power was selected as the control output variable, and the melt pool width was chosen as the control input variable. The performance of the controller was evaluated through deposition of thin wall samples. The results showed that the controller, by adjusting the laser power in real time, could successfully maintain the melt pool width and produce a more uniform and finer microstructure as compared to the sample with a constant laser power.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams SW, Martina F, Addison AC, Ding J, Pardal G, Colegrove P (2016) Wire + arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Technol 32(7):641–647CrossRef Williams SW, Martina F, Addison AC, Ding J, Pardal G, Colegrove P (2016) Wire + arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Technol 32(7):641–647CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Uriondo A, Esperon-Miguez M, Perinpanayagam S (2015) The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector: a review of important aspects. Proc Inst Mech Eng G J Aerosp Eng 229(11):2132–2147CrossRef Uriondo A, Esperon-Miguez M, Perinpanayagam S (2015) The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector: a review of important aspects. Proc Inst Mech Eng G J Aerosp Eng 229(11):2132–2147CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—Terminology (2015) ISO/ASTM 52900. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—Terminology (2015) ISO/ASTM 52900. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fotovvati B, Etesami SA, Asadi E (2019) Process-property-geometry correlations for additively-manufactured Ti–6Al–4V sheets. Mater Sci Eng A 760:431–447CrossRef Fotovvati B, Etesami SA, Asadi E (2019) Process-property-geometry correlations for additively-manufactured Ti–6Al–4V sheets. Mater Sci Eng A 760:431–447CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu D, Kovacevic R (2003) Sensing, modeling and control for laser-based additive manufacturing. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 43(1):51–60CrossRef Hu D, Kovacevic R (2003) Sensing, modeling and control for laser-based additive manufacturing. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 43(1):51–60CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson JM, Piya C, Shin YC, Zhao F, Ramani K (2014) Remanufacturing of turbine blades by laser direct deposition with its energy and environmental impact analysis. J Clean Prod 80:170–178CrossRef Wilson JM, Piya C, Shin YC, Zhao F, Ramani K (2014) Remanufacturing of turbine blades by laser direct deposition with its energy and environmental impact analysis. J Clean Prod 80:170–178CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding Y, Akbari M, Gao XL, Ai L, Kovacevic R (2018) Use of powder-feed metal additive manufacturing system for fabricating metallic metamaterials. In: Manufacturing techniques for materials: engineering and engineered. CRC Press, pp 51–65 Ding Y, Akbari M, Gao XL, Ai L, Kovacevic R (2018) Use of powder-feed metal additive manufacturing system for fabricating metallic metamaterials. In: Manufacturing techniques for materials: engineering and engineered. CRC Press, pp 51–65
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu W, Wei H, Huang C, Yuan F, Zhang Y (2019) Energy efficiency evaluation of metal laser direct deposition based on process characteristics and empirical modeling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(1–4):901–913CrossRef Liu W, Wei H, Huang C, Yuan F, Zhang Y (2019) Energy efficiency evaluation of metal laser direct deposition based on process characteristics and empirical modeling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(1–4):901–913CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bi G, Gasser A, Wissenbach K, Drenker A, Poprawe R (2006) Characterization of the process control for the direct laser metallic powder deposition. Surf Coat Technol 201(6):2676–2683CrossRef Bi G, Gasser A, Wissenbach K, Drenker A, Poprawe R (2006) Characterization of the process control for the direct laser metallic powder deposition. Surf Coat Technol 201(6):2676–2683CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Farshidianfar MH, Khajepour A, Gerlich AP (2016) Effect of real-time cooling rate on microstructure in laser additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Technol 231:468–478CrossRef Farshidianfar MH, Khajepour A, Gerlich AP (2016) Effect of real-time cooling rate on microstructure in laser additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Technol 231:468–478CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding Y, Warton J, Kovacevic R (2016) Development of sensing and control system for robotized laser-based direct metal addition system. Addit Manuf 10:24–35CrossRef Ding Y, Warton J, Kovacevic R (2016) Development of sensing and control system for robotized laser-based direct metal addition system. Addit Manuf 10:24–35CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofman JT, Pathiraj B, Van Dijk J, De Lange DF, Meijer J (2012) A camera based feedback control strategy for the laser cladding process. J Mater Process Technol 212(11):2455–2462CrossRef Hofman JT, Pathiraj B, Van Dijk J, De Lange DF, Meijer J (2012) A camera based feedback control strategy for the laser cladding process. J Mater Process Technol 212(11):2455–2462CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Heralić A, Christiansson AK, Ottosson M, Lennartson B (2010) Increased stability in laser metal wire deposition through feedback from optical measurements. Opt Lasers Eng 48(4):478–485CrossRef Heralić A, Christiansson AK, Ottosson M, Lennartson B (2010) Increased stability in laser metal wire deposition through feedback from optical measurements. Opt Lasers Eng 48(4):478–485CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kovacevic R, Valant ME (2006) Powder delivery system and method, US7045738B1 Kovacevic R, Valant ME (2006) Powder delivery system and method, US7045738B1
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazumder J, Schifferer A, Choi J (1999) Direct materials deposition: designed macro and microstructure. Mater Res Innov 3(3):118–131CrossRef Mazumder J, Schifferer A, Choi J (1999) Direct materials deposition: designed macro and microstructure. Mater Res Innov 3(3):118–131CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodwin GC, Graebe SF, Salgado ME (2001) Control system design. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Goodwin GC, Graebe SF, Salgado ME (2001) Control system design. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Fotovvati B, Wayne SF, Lewis G, Asadi E (2018) A review on melt-pool characteristics in laser welding of metals. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2018:1–18CrossRef Fotovvati B, Wayne SF, Lewis G, Asadi E (2018) A review on melt-pool characteristics in laser welding of metals. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2018:1–18CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Li T, Ning F, Cong W, Kim H, Jiang Q, Zhang H (2019) Effects of deposition variables on molten pool temperature during laser engineered net shaping of Inconel 718 superalloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(1–4):969–976CrossRef Liu Z, Li T, Ning F, Cong W, Kim H, Jiang Q, Zhang H (2019) Effects of deposition variables on molten pool temperature during laser engineered net shaping of Inconel 718 superalloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(1–4):969–976CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Zheng B, Zhou Y, Smugeresky JE, Schoenung JM, Lavernia EJ (2008) Thermal behavior and microstructure evolution during laser deposition with laser-engineered net shaping: part II. Experimental investigation and discussion. Metall Mater Trans A 39(9):2237–2245CrossRef Zheng B, Zhou Y, Smugeresky JE, Schoenung JM, Lavernia EJ (2008) Thermal behavior and microstructure evolution during laser deposition with laser-engineered net shaping: part II. Experimental investigation and discussion. Metall Mater Trans A 39(9):2237–2245CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gäumann M, Henry S, Cleton F, Wagniere JD, Kurz W (1999) Epitaxial laser metal forming: analysis of microstructure formation. Mater Sci Eng A 271(1–2):232–241CrossRef Gäumann M, Henry S, Cleton F, Wagniere JD, Kurz W (1999) Epitaxial laser metal forming: analysis of microstructure formation. Mater Sci Eng A 271(1–2):232–241CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurz W, Giovanola B, Trivedi R (1986) Theory of microstructural development during rapid solidification. Acta Metall 34(5):823–830CrossRef Kurz W, Giovanola B, Trivedi R (1986) Theory of microstructural development during rapid solidification. Acta Metall 34(5):823–830CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kou S (2003) Welding metallurgy. John Wiley & Sons Kou S (2003) Welding metallurgy. John Wiley & Sons
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Manvatkar V, De A, DebRoy T (2014) Heat transfer and material flow during laser assisted multi-layer additive manufacturing. J Appl Phys 116(12):124905CrossRef Manvatkar V, De A, DebRoy T (2014) Heat transfer and material flow during laser assisted multi-layer additive manufacturing. J Appl Phys 116(12):124905CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat ASTM (2013) E112-13, Standard test methods for determining average grain size. ASTM International, West Conshohocken www.astm.org ASTM (2013) E112-13, Standard test methods for determining average grain size. ASTM International, West Conshohocken www.​astm.​org
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Elmer JW, Allen SM, Eagar TW (1989) Microstructural development during solidification of stainless steel alloys. Metall Trans A 20(10):2117–2131CrossRef Elmer JW, Allen SM, Eagar TW (1989) Microstructural development during solidification of stainless steel alloys. Metall Trans A 20(10):2117–2131CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmeister W, Griffith M (2001) Solidification in direct metal deposition by LENS processing. JOM 53(9):30–34CrossRef Hofmeister W, Griffith M (2001) Solidification in direct metal deposition by LENS processing. JOM 53(9):30–34CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Akbari M, Kovacevic R (2018) An investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of 316LSi parts fabricated by a robotized laser/wire direct metal deposition system. Addit Manuf 23:487–497CrossRef Akbari M, Kovacevic R (2018) An investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of 316LSi parts fabricated by a robotized laser/wire direct metal deposition system. Addit Manuf 23:487–497CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Closed loop control of melt pool width in robotized laser powder–directed energy deposition process
verfasst von
Meysam Akbari
Radovan Kovacevic
Publikationsdatum
31.07.2019
Verlag
Springer London
Erschienen in
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology / Ausgabe 5-8/2019
Print ISSN: 0268-3768
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-3015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04195-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5-8/2019

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 5-8/2019 Zur Ausgabe

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.