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Journal of Business Ethics

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01.10.2014

Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Polluting Industries: Does Religion Matter?

verfasst von: Xingqiang Du, Wei Jian, Quan Zeng, Yingjie Du

Erschienen in: Journal of Business Ethics | Ausgabe 3/2014

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Abstract

Using a sample of Chinese listed firms in polluting industries for the period of 2008–2010, we empirically investigate whether and how Buddhism, China’s most influential religion, affects corporate environmental responsibility (CER). In this study, we measure Buddhist variables as the number of Buddhist monasteries within a certain radius around Chinese listed firms’ registered addresses. In addition, we hand-collect corporate environmental disclosure scores based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines. Using hand-collected Buddhism data and corporate environmental disclosure scores, we provide strong and robust evidence that Buddhism is significantly positively associated with CER. This finding is consistent with the following view: Buddhism can serve as social norms to evoke the consciousness of social responsibility, and thereof strengthen CER. Our findings also reveal that the positive association between Buddhism and CER is attenuated for firms with higher law enforcement index. The results are robust to various measures of Buddhism and a variety of sensitivity tests.

Vorheriger Artikel Influences on Student Intention and Behavior Toward Environmental Sustainability

Nächster Artikel Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships

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We acknowledge our great thanks to one referee for his/her valuable suggestion on this expression of “diffusion of Buddhism”. According to this suggestion, we use the expression of “diffusion of Buddhism” as the substitution for the phrase of “Buddhism intensity” in our original version.

Take energy use for example, it came close to its energy intensity target, reducing energy intensity over the 5-year period by 19.1 %, and increasing non-fossil fuel use by 3.1 % per year. As a result, non-fossil energy now comprises 8.3 % of China’s total energy use (Seligsohn 2011).

(1) Notice of Supervising the Listed Firms in Shanghai Stock Exchange to Disclose the Annual Report of Year 2008 (SHSE 2008a); (2) Notice of Supervising the Listed Firms in Shenzhen Stock Exchange to Disclose the Annual Report of Year 2008 (SZSE 2008); and (3) Guide to Environmental Information Disclosure for Listed Firms in Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE 2008b).

We thank a referee for the incisive comments on whether investors penalize companies because of their environmental awareness and/or economic considerations. We find that firms that disobeyed China’s related environmental laws escaped significant economic sanctions. Therefore, we believe that angry investors punished firms by selling their stocks.

Unreported results, available from the author on request (similarly hereafter), suggest that Taoism does not impact environmental protection.

It is difficult to obtain the exact number of Buddhists because thousands of Buddhists practice Buddhism at home. Buddhists are very conservative, discreet, and take part in rituals humbly and privately with others. Moreover, because of persecution in the Cultural Revolution, many prefer to keep their religious beliefs private.

Please refer to the following website: http://www.arcworld.org/.

See news at the following website: http://www.dadunet.com/html/2009/12/94-102-126085742812949.html.

We thank one referee for his/her constructive comment and insightful suggestion that we should discuss whether the influence of Buddhism and law on corporate environmental responsibility reciprocally reinforces or substitutes.

The results are not qualitatively changed by deleting the top and the bottom 1% of the sample, by no deletion, or by no winsorization.

Following some U.S. studies using firm headquarters as firm locations (Hilary and Hui 2009), we use firm’s registered place instead. A firm’s registered place is usually the initial place where the business started and it is firm’s headquarters in most cases.

See “The report on nation-widely famous Buddhist monasteries and Taoist temples in Han area.”

We conduct three tests to examine whether the corporate environmental disclosure score in our sample has standard normal distribution, respectively. Our results show that the null hypothesis that “corporate environmental disclosure score obeys the standard normal distribution” is rejected at the 1 % level regardless of used test approaches (z = 19.38, z = 2.76, and χ² = 5317.66 for Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Cramer-von Mises test, and Anderson–Darling test, respectively).

We conduct multi-collinearity diagnostic tests for all the variables in the models and find that variance inflation factor (VIF) is less than 2 for all the variables, suggesting that multi-collinearity is not a serious concern in the estimation of our models.

We thank a referee for the suggestion that we consider alternative explanations for empirical results. First, we find that our measure of Buddhism is not the proxy for urbanization or corporate governance. We also examine whether population density and urban/rural development simultaneously affect the religiosity level and firms’ environmental attitudes. The untabulated results show that population density and regional development have no significant influence on the religiosity level. Moreover, when we include population density and regional development, results in Table 5 still hold. The non-tabulated robustness checks are available from the author upon request.

We thank one referee for his/her suggestion that we should discuss the potential influence of difference in firm size (e.g., larger firms V.S. smaller firms) on corporate environmental protection. The unreported tests show that the influence on corporate decisions holds for both smaller and larger firms.

Du (2012) and El Ghoul et al. (2012b) argue that panel data regression can alleviate the potential endogeneity between religion and corporate behavior.

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Titel: Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Polluting Industries: Does Religion Matter?
verfasst von: Xingqiang Du
Wei Jian
Quan Zeng
Yingjie Du
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2014
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Journal of Business Ethics / Ausgabe 3/2014
Print ISSN: 0167-4544
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0697
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1888-7

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