Introduction
Experimental
Preparation of Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs)
Sample designation | NaI (wt%) |
---|---|
S0 | 0 |
S5 | 5 |
S10 | 10 |
S15 | 15 |
S20 | 20 |
S25 | 25 |
S30 | 30 |
Sample characterizations
Results and discussion
FTIR Spectroscopic studies
Sample | Functional group with wavenumber (cm−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C–O–C stretching | C–H wagging | O–H bending | C–H2 scissoring | COO¯ stretching | C–H stretching | O–H stretching | |
S0 | 1050 | 1263 | 1322 | 1414 | 1583 | 2921 | 3285 |
S5 | 1050 | 1264 | 1323 | 1414 | 1582 | 2921 | 3288 |
S10 | 1054 | 1263 | 1324 | 1418 | 1587 | 2937 | 3305 |
S15 | 1053 | 1269 | 1324 | 1415 | 1587 | 2934 | 3365 |
S20 | 1053 | 1267 | 1324 | 1417 | 1589 | 2938 | 3378 |
S25 | 1055 | 1266 | 1324 | 1419 | 1590 | 2938 | 3371 |
S30 | 1055 | 1268 | 1324 | 1418 | 1590 | 2941 | 3378 |
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Sample | AC | AA | χ (%) |
---|---|---|---|
S0 | 6201.72 | 31,714.80 | 16.35 |
S5 | 2650.60 | 23,587.55 | 10.10 |
S10 | 2261.56 | 18,383.13 | 10.95 |
S15 | 1330.41 | 16,390.35 | 7.50 |
S20 | 981.77 | 12,920.36 | 7.06 |
S25 | 911.62 | 12,871.33 | 6.61 |
S30 | 701.64 | 11,406.31 | 5.79 |
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
Sample | Rb (Ω) | σ(S cm−1) | \({\sigma }_{dc}\)(S cm−1) | τ (s) | \({E}_{a} (eV)\) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | 1115.00 | 7.95 × 10–6 | 6.48 × 10–6 | 3.86 × 10–6 | 0.377 |
S5 | 522.31 | 1.36 × 10–5 | 1.02 × 10–5 | 1.72 × 10–6 | 0.202 |
S10 | 423.87 | 1.64 × 10–5 | 1.94 × 10–5 | 1.48 × 10–6 | 0.246 |
S15 | 148.10 | 3.91 × 10–5 | 4.06 × 10–5 | 8.90 × 10–7 | 0.234 |
S20 | 129.38 | 7.00 × 10–5 | 6.61 × 10–5 | 2.00 × 10–6 | 0.214 |
S25 | 13.29 | 7.57 × 10–4 | 6.07 × 10–4 | 1.51 × 10–7 | 0.201 |
S30 | 4.59 | 2.52 × 10–3 | 1.87 × 10–3 | – | 0.185 |
AC conductivity study
Dielectric study
Ion transport properties
Sample | \({k}_{2}^{-1}(F)\) | \(D\)(cm2 s−1) | μ (cm2 V−1 s−2) | \(n\)(cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | 2.81 × 10–6 | 3.20 × 10–6 | 1.24 × 10–4 | 4.00 × 1017 |
S5 | 3.19 × 10–6 | 3.14 × 10–7 | 1.21 × 10–5 | 7.00 × 1018 |
S10 | 4.02 × 10–6 | 7.94 × 10–7 | 3.07 × 10–5 | 3.34 × 1018 |
S15 | 5.57 × 10–6 | 2.54 × 10–6 | 9.82 × 10–5 | 2.49 × 1018 |
S20 | 1.38 × 10–5 | 1.60 × 10–7 | 6.18 × 10–6 | 7.07 × 1019 |
S25 | 2.18 × 10–5 | 8.61 × 10–10 | 3.33 × 10–8 | 1.42 × 1023 |
S30 | 6.74 × 10–5 | 6.60 × 10–12 | 2.54 × 10–10 | 6.18 × 1025 |
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Sample | Maximum decomposition temperature (°C) | Maximum decomposition weight loss (%) |
---|---|---|
S0 | 264.08 | 64.24 |
S10 | 263.91 | 68.40 |
S20 | 256.87 | 44.20 |
S30 | 256.78 | 44.10 |
Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV)
I–t characteristics
Mechanical properties
Sample | Tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation at break (%) | Youngs modulus (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
S0 | 60.78 | 7.40 | 2467.87 |
S5 | 61.29 | 10.26 | 2261.00 |
S10 | 33.98 | 2.04 | 1381.58 |
S15 | 38.04 | 8.63 | 1461.65 |
S20 | 32.46 | 11.79 | 1083.89 |
S25 | 22.27 | 12.12 | 717.70 |
S30 | 15.43 | 8.36 | 533.34 |
Fabrication of solid-state battery
Specifications of cell parameters (unit) | Dimensions and parameters of cell |
---|---|
Open circuit voltage (V) | 1.154 |
Cell weight (g) | 1.120 |
Cell diameter (mm) | 12.000 |
Cell thickness (mm) | 2.377 |
Cutoff potential (V) | 0.875 |
Current drawn (µA) | 8.750 |
Cell configuration | OCV (V) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Zn + ZnSO4/film with 1.5 g NaI/PbO2 + V2O5 | 0.578 | (Subban and Arof 1996) |
Zn + ZnSO4/Film with 3.0 g NaCIO4/PbO2 + V2O5 | 1.121 | (Subban et al. 1996) |
Zn + ZnSO4·7H2O/PEO-NaI/0.02 g PbO2 + 0.02 g V2O5 | 0.312 | (Mohamed et al. 1997) |
Zn + ZnSO4·7H2O /pectin + NaNO3 /MnO2 + C + pectin + NaNO3 | 0.400 | (Vahini et al. 2019) |
Zn + ZnSO4·7H2O|NaCMC-PVA-NaI |V2O5 + PbO5 + NaCMC-PVA-NaI + graphite | 1.154 | Present work |