Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Cluster Computing 3/2015

01.09.2015

Large scale graph processing systems: survey and an experimental evaluation

verfasst von: Omar Batarfi, Radwa El Shawi, Ayman G. Fayoumi, Reza Nouri, Seyed-Mehdi-Reza Beheshti, Ahmed Barnawi, Sherif Sakr

Erschienen in: Cluster Computing | Ausgabe 3/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Graph is a fundamental data structure that captures relationships between different data entities. In practice, graphs are widely used for modeling complicated data in different application domains such as social networks, protein networks, transportation networks, bibliographical networks, knowledge bases and many more. Currently, graphs with millions and billions of nodes and edges have become very common. In principle, graph analytics is an important big data discovery technique. Therefore, with the increasing abundance of large graphs, designing scalable systems for processing and analyzing large scale graphs has become one of the most timely problems facing the big data research community. In general, scalable processing of big graphs is a challenging task due to their size and the inherent irregular structure of graph computations. Thus, in recent years, we have witnessed an unprecedented interest in building big graph processing systems that attempted to tackle these challenges. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey over the state-of-the-art of large scale graph processing platforms. In addition, we present an extensive experimental study of five popular systems in this domain, namely, GraphChi, Apache Giraph, GPS, GraphLab and GraphX. In particular, we report and analyze the performance characteristics of these systems using five common graph processing algorithms and seven large graph datasets. Finally, we identify a set of the current open research challenges and discuss some promising directions for future research in the domain of large scale graph processing.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
28
Please refer to a table with specification of EC2 instances on http://​aws.​amazon.​com/​ec2/​instance-types/​.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Abouzeid, A., Bajda-Pawlikowski, K., Abadi, D.J., Rasin, A., Silberschatz, A.: HadoopDB: an architectural hybrid of MapReduce and DBMS technologies for analytical workloads. PVLDB 2(1), 922–933 (2009) Abouzeid, A., Bajda-Pawlikowski, K., Abadi, D.J., Rasin, A., Silberschatz, A.: HadoopDB: an architectural hybrid of MapReduce and DBMS technologies for analytical workloads. PVLDB 2(1), 922–933 (2009)
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexandrov, A., Bergmann, R., Ewen, S., Freytag, J., Hueske, F., Heise, A., Kao, O., Leich, M., Leser, U., Markl, V., Naumann, F., Peters, M., Rheinländer, A., Sax, M.J., Schelter, S., Höger, M., Tzoumas, K., Warneke, D.: The stratosphere platform for big data analytics. VLDB J. 23(6), 939–964 (2014)CrossRef Alexandrov, A., Bergmann, R., Ewen, S., Freytag, J., Hueske, F., Heise, A., Kao, O., Leich, M., Leser, U., Markl, V., Naumann, F., Peters, M., Rheinländer, A., Sax, M.J., Schelter, S., Höger, M., Tzoumas, K., Warneke, D.: The stratosphere platform for big data analytics. VLDB J. 23(6), 939–964 (2014)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnawi, A., Batarfi, O., Elshawi, R., Fayoumi, A., Nouri, R., Sakr, S.: On characterizing the performance of distributed graph computation platforms. In: Proceedings of the TPC Technology Conference, TPCTC. Springer, Berlin (2014) Barnawi, A., Batarfi, O., Elshawi, R., Fayoumi, A., Nouri, R., Sakr, S.: On characterizing the performance of distributed graph computation platforms. In: Proceedings of the TPC Technology Conference, TPCTC. Springer, Berlin (2014)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Borkar, V.R., Carey, M.J., Grover, R., Onose, N., Vernica, R.: Hyracks: a flexible and extensible foundation for data-intensive computing. In: Proceedings of the international conference on Data Engineering, ICDE, pp. 1151–1162. IEEE (2011) Borkar, V.R., Carey, M.J., Grover, R., Onose, N., Vernica, R.: Hyracks: a flexible and extensible foundation for data-intensive computing. In: Proceedings of the international conference on Data Engineering, ICDE, pp. 1151–1162. IEEE (2011)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bu, Y., Howe, B., Balazinska, M., Ernst, M.D.: The HaLoop approach to large-scale iterative data analysis. VLDB J. 21(2), 169–190 (2012)CrossRef Bu, Y., Howe, B., Balazinska, M., Ernst, M.D.: The HaLoop approach to large-scale iterative data analysis. VLDB J. 21(2), 169–190 (2012)CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bu, Y., Borkar, V.R., Jia, J., Carey, M.J., Condie, T.: Pregelix: Big(ger) graph analytics on a dataflow engine. PVLDB 8(2), 161–172 (2014) Bu, Y., Borkar, V.R., Jia, J., Carey, M.J., Condie, T.: Pregelix: Big(ger) graph analytics on a dataflow engine. PVLDB 8(2), 161–172 (2014)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chattopadhyay, B., Lin, L., Liu, W., Mittal, S., Aragonda, P., Lychagina, V., Kwon, Y., Wong, M.: Tenzing a SQL implementation on the MapReduce framework. PVLDB 4(12), 1318–1327 (2011) Chattopadhyay, B., Lin, L., Liu, W., Mittal, S., Aragonda, P., Lychagina, V., Kwon, Y., Wong, M.: Tenzing a SQL implementation on the MapReduce framework. PVLDB 4(12), 1318–1327 (2011)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, R., Weng, X., He, B., Yang, M.: Large graph processing in the cloud. In: Proceedings of the SIGMOD, pp. 1123–1126. ACM (2010) Chen, R., Weng, X., He, B., Yang, M.: Large graph processing in the cloud. In: Proceedings of the SIGMOD, pp. 1123–1126. ACM (2010)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Clinger, W.D.: Foundations of Actor Semantics. Technical Report, Cambridge, MA (1981) Clinger, W.D.: Foundations of Actor Semantics. Technical Report, Cambridge, MA (1981)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dean, J., Ghemawa, S.: MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters. OSDI 1, 137–150 (2004) Dean, J., Ghemawa, S.: MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters. OSDI 1, 137–150 (2004)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ediger, D., Bader, D.A.: Investigating graph algorithms in the BSP model on the cray XMT. In: Proceedings of the IPDPS workshops (2013) Ediger, D., Bader, D.A.: Investigating graph algorithms in the BSP model on the cray XMT. In: Proceedings of the IPDPS workshops (2013)
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekanayake, J., Li, H., Zhang, B., Gunarathne, T., Bae, S.-H., Qiu, J., Fox, G.: Twister: a runtime for iterative MapReduce. In: Proceedings of the High Performance Distributed Computing, HPDC, pp. 810–818. ACM (2010) Ekanayake, J., Li, H., Zhang, B., Gunarathne, T., Bae, S.-H., Qiu, J., Fox, G.: Twister: a runtime for iterative MapReduce. In: Proceedings of the High Performance Distributed Computing, HPDC, pp. 810–818. ACM (2010)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fard, A., Nisar, M.U., Ramaswamy, L., Miller, J.A., Saltz, M.: A distributed vertex-centric approach for pattern matching in massive graphs. In: Proceedings of the BigData conference, pp. 403–411 (2013) Fard, A., Nisar, M.U., Ramaswamy, L., Miller, J.A., Saltz, M.: A distributed vertex-centric approach for pattern matching in massive graphs. In: Proceedings of the BigData conference, pp. 403–411 (2013)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman, E., Pawlowski, P.M., Cieslewicz, J.: SQL/MapReduce: a practical approach to self-describing, polymorphic, and parallelizable user-defined functions. PVLDB 2(2), 1402–1413 (2009) Friedman, E., Pawlowski, P.M., Cieslewicz, J.: SQL/MapReduce: a practical approach to self-describing, polymorphic, and parallelizable user-defined functions. PVLDB 2(2), 1402–1413 (2009)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez, J.E., Low, Y., Gu, H., Bickson, D., Guestrin, C.: PowerGraph: distributed graph-parallel computation on natural graphs. In: Proceedings of the Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI, pp. 17–30 (2012) Gonzalez, J.E., Low, Y., Gu, H., Bickson, D., Guestrin, C.: PowerGraph: distributed graph-parallel computation on natural graphs. In: Proceedings of the Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI, pp. 17–30 (2012)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez, J.E., Xin, R.S., Dave, A., Crankshaw, D., Franklin, M.J., Stoica, I.: GraphX: graph processing in a distributed dataflow framework. In: Proceedings of the OSDI, pp. 599–613 (2014) Gonzalez, J.E., Xin, R.S., Dave, A., Crankshaw, D., Franklin, M.J., Stoica, I.: GraphX: graph processing in a distributed dataflow framework. In: Proceedings of the OSDI, pp. 599–613 (2014)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo, Y., Biczak, M., Varbanescu, A.L., Iosup, A., Martella, C., Willke, T.L.: How well do graph-processing platforms perform? An empirical performance evaluation and analysis. In: Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposiumm, IPDPS, pp. 395–404 (2014) Guo, Y., Biczak, M., Varbanescu, A.L., Iosup, A., Martella, C., Willke, T.L.: How well do graph-processing platforms perform? An empirical performance evaluation and analysis. In: Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposiumm, IPDPS, pp. 395–404 (2014)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo, Y., Varbanescu, A.L., Iosup, A., Martella, C., Willke, T.L.: Benchmarking graph-processing platforms: a vision. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance Engineering, ICPE, pp. 289–292 (2014) Guo, Y., Varbanescu, A.L., Iosup, A., Martella, C., Willke, T.L.: Benchmarking graph-processing platforms: a vision. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance Engineering, ICPE, pp. 289–292 (2014)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Han, W., Lee, S., Park, K., Lee, J., Kim, M., Kim, J., Yu, H.: TurboGraph: a fast parallel graph engine handling billion-scale graphs in a single PC. In: Proceedings of the KDD, pp. 77–85 (2013) Han, W., Lee, S., Park, K., Lee, J., Kim, M., Kim, J., Yu, H.: TurboGraph: a fast parallel graph engine handling billion-scale graphs in a single PC. In: Proceedings of the KDD, pp. 77–85 (2013)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Han, M., Daudjee, K., Ammar, K., Özsu, M.T., Wang, X., Jin, T.: An experimental comparison of Pregel-like graph processing systems. PVLDB 7(12), 1047–1058 (2014) Han, M., Daudjee, K., Ammar, K., Özsu, M.T., Wang, X., Jin, T.: An experimental comparison of Pregel-like graph processing systems. PVLDB 7(12), 1047–1058 (2014)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Herodotou, H., Lim, H., Luo, G., Borisov, N., Dong, L., Cetin, F.B., Babu, S.: Starfish: a Self-tuning system for big data analytics. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, CIDR, pp. 261–272 (2011) Herodotou, H., Lim, H., Luo, G., Borisov, N., Dong, L., Cetin, F.B., Babu, S.: Starfish: a Self-tuning system for big data analytics. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, CIDR, pp. 261–272 (2011)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, U., Tsourakakis, C.E., Faloutsos, C.: PEGASUS: a peta-scale graph mining system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM, pp. 229–238 (2009) Kang, U., Tsourakakis, C.E., Faloutsos, C.: PEGASUS: a peta-scale graph mining system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM, pp. 229–238 (2009)
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, U., Meeder, B., Faloutsos, C.: Spectral analysis for billion-scale graphs: discoveries and implementation. In: Proceedings of the PAKDD, pp. 13–25 (2011) Kang, U., Meeder, B., Faloutsos, C.: Spectral analysis for billion-scale graphs: discoveries and implementation. In: Proceedings of the PAKDD, pp. 13–25 (2011)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, U., Tsourakakis, C.E., Faloutsos, C.: PEGASUS: mining peta-scale graphs. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 27(2), 303–325 (2011)CrossRef Kang, U., Tsourakakis, C.E., Faloutsos, C.: PEGASUS: mining peta-scale graphs. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 27(2), 303–325 (2011)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, U., Tong, H., Sun, J., Lin, C.-Y., Faloutsos, C.: GBASE: a scalable and general graph management system. In: Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD, pp. 1091–1099 (2011) Kang, U., Tong, H., Sun, J., Lin, C.-Y., Faloutsos, C.: GBASE: a scalable and general graph management system. In: Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD, pp. 1091–1099 (2011)
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Khayyat, Z., Awara, K., Alonazi, A., Jamjoom, H., Williams, D., Kalnis, P.: Mizan: a system for dynamic load balancing in large-scale graph processing. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Systems, EuroSys, pp. 169–182. ACM (2013) Khayyat, Z., Awara, K., Alonazi, A., Jamjoom, H., Williams, D., Kalnis, P.: Mizan: a system for dynamic load balancing in large-scale graph processing. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Systems, EuroSys, pp. 169–182. ACM (2013)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kyrola, A., Blelloch, G.E., Guestrin, C.: GraphChi: large-scale graph computation on just a PC. In: Proceedings of the OSDI, pp. 31–46 (2012) Kyrola, A., Blelloch, G.E., Guestrin, C.: GraphChi: large-scale graph computation on just a PC. In: Proceedings of the OSDI, pp. 31–46 (2012)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Low, Y., Gonzalez, J., Kyrola, A., Bickson, D., Guestrin, C., Hellerstein, J.M.: Distributed GraphLab: a framework for machine learning in the cloud. PVLDB 5(8), 716–727 (2012) Low, Y., Gonzalez, J., Kyrola, A., Bickson, D., Guestrin, C., Hellerstein, J.M.: Distributed GraphLab: a framework for machine learning in the cloud. PVLDB 5(8), 716–727 (2012)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Yan, D., Wu, H.: Largescale distributed graph computing systems: an experimental evaluation. PVLD 8(3), 281–292 (2014) Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Yan, D., Wu, H.: Largescale distributed graph computing systems: an experimental evaluation. PVLD 8(3), 281–292 (2014)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Malewicz, G., Austern, M.H., Bik, A.J.C., Dehnert, J.C., Horn, I., Leiser, N., Czajkowski, G.: Pregel: a system for large-scale graph processing. In: Proceedings of the SIGMOD conference, pp. 135–146 (2010) Malewicz, G., Austern, M.H., Bik, A.J.C., Dehnert, J.C., Horn, I., Leiser, N., Czajkowski, G.: Pregel: a system for large-scale graph processing. In: Proceedings of the SIGMOD conference, pp. 135–146 (2010)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T.: The PageRank citation ranking: bringing order to the web. Technical Report 1999–66, Stanford InfoLab, November 1999. Previous number = SIDL-WP-1999-0120 Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T.: The PageRank citation ranking: bringing order to the web. Technical Report 1999–66, Stanford InfoLab, November 1999. Previous number = SIDL-WP-1999-0120
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S.: GraphREL: a decomposition-based and selectivity-aware relational framework for processing sub-graph queries. In: Proceedings of the DASFAA, pp. 123–137 (2009) Sakr, S.: GraphREL: a decomposition-based and selectivity-aware relational framework for processing sub-graph queries. In: Proceedings of the DASFAA, pp. 123–137 (2009)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S., Al-Naymat, G.: Efficient relational techniques for processing graph queries. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 25(6), 1237–1255 (2010)CrossRef Sakr, S., Al-Naymat, G.: Efficient relational techniques for processing graph queries. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 25(6), 1237–1255 (2010)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S., Al-Naymat, G.: Graph indexing and querying: a review. IJWIS 6(2), 101–120 (2010) Sakr, S., Al-Naymat, G.: Graph indexing and querying: a review. IJWIS 6(2), 101–120 (2010)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S., Pardede, E. (ed.): Graph Data Management: Techniques and Applications. IGI Global, Hershey (2011) Sakr, S., Pardede, E. (ed.): Graph Data Management: Techniques and Applications. IGI Global, Hershey (2011)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S., Elnikety, S., He, Y.: G-SPARQL: a hybrid engine for querying large attributed graphs. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM (2012) Sakr, S., Elnikety, S., He, Y.: G-SPARQL: a hybrid engine for querying large attributed graphs. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM (2012)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakr, S., Liu, A., Fayoumi, A.G.: The family of mapreduce and large-scale data processing systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 46(1), 11 (2013)CrossRef Sakr, S., Liu, A., Fayoumi, A.G.: The family of mapreduce and large-scale data processing systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 46(1), 11 (2013)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Salihoglu, S., Widom, J.: GPS: a graph processing system. In: Proceedings of the SSDBM, p. 22. ACM (2013) Salihoglu, S., Widom, J.: GPS: a graph processing system. In: Proceedings of the SSDBM, p. 22. ACM (2013)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Schad, J., Dittrich, J., Quiané-Ruiz, J.-A.: Runtime measurements in the cloud: observing, analyzing, and reducing variance. PVLDB 3(1), 460–471 (2010) Schad, J., Dittrich, J., Quiané-Ruiz, J.-A.: Runtime measurements in the cloud: observing, analyzing, and reducing variance. PVLDB 3(1), 460–471 (2010)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Shao, B., Wang, H., Li, Y.: Trinity: a distributed graph engine on a memory cloud. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD, pp. 505–516 (2013) Shao, B., Wang, H., Li, Y.: Trinity: a distributed graph engine on a memory cloud. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD, pp. 505–516 (2013)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Simmen, D.E., Schnaitter, K., Davis, J., He, Y., Lohariwala, S., Mysore, A., Shenoi, V., Tan, M., Xiao, Y.: Large-scale graph analytics in aster 6: bringing context to big data discovery. PVLDB 7(13), 1405–1416 (2014) Simmen, D.E., Schnaitter, K., Davis, J., He, Y., Lohariwala, S., Mysore, A., Shenoi, V., Tan, M., Xiao, Y.: Large-scale graph analytics in aster 6: bringing context to big data discovery. PVLDB 7(13), 1405–1416 (2014)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Stutz, P., Bernstein, A., Cohen, W.W.: Signal/collect: graph algorithms for the (semantic) web. Int. Semant. Web Conf. 1, 764–780 (2010) Stutz, P., Bernstein, A., Cohen, W.W.: Signal/collect: graph algorithms for the (semantic) web. Int. Semant. Web Conf. 1, 764–780 (2010)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian, Y., Balmin, A., Corsten, S.A., Tatikonda, S., McPherson, J.: From “think like a vertex” to “think like a graph”. PVLDB 7(3), 193–204 (2013) Tian, Y., Balmin, A., Corsten, S.A., Tatikonda, S., McPherson, J.: From “think like a vertex” to “think like a graph”. PVLDB 7(3), 193–204 (2013)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Valiant, L.G.: A bridging model for parallel computation. Commun. ACM 33(8), 103–111 (1990)CrossRef Valiant, L.G.: A bridging model for parallel computation. Commun. ACM 33(8), 103–111 (1990)CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, G., Xie, W., Demers, A., Gehrke, J.: Asynchronous large-scale graph processing made easy. In CIDR (2013) Wang, G., Xie, W., Demers, A., Gehrke, J.: Asynchronous large-scale graph processing made easy. In CIDR (2013)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaharia, M., Chowdhury, M., Franklin, M.J., Shenker, S., Stoica, I.: Spark: cluster computing with working sets. In: Proceedings of the HotCloud (2010) Zaharia, M., Chowdhury, M., Franklin, M.J., Shenker, S., Stoica, I.: Spark: cluster computing with working sets. In: Proceedings of the HotCloud (2010)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, Y., Gao, Q., Gao, L., Wang, C.: iMapReduce: a distributed computing framework for iterative computation. J. Grid Comput. 10(1), 47–68 (2012)CrossRef Zhang, Y., Gao, Q., Gao, L., Wang, C.: iMapReduce: a distributed computing framework for iterative computation. J. Grid Comput. 10(1), 47–68 (2012)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Large scale graph processing systems: survey and an experimental evaluation
verfasst von
Omar Batarfi
Radwa El Shawi
Ayman G. Fayoumi
Reza Nouri
Seyed-Mehdi-Reza Beheshti
Ahmed Barnawi
Sherif Sakr
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Cluster Computing / Ausgabe 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1386-7857
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7543
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-015-0472-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2015

Cluster Computing 3/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Premium Partner