1 Introduction
2 Related work
3 Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA)
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Order component A mask of random binary values is generated. For every position with value 1, the job of the first parent is placed in the offspring. For the missing jobs, value 0, the order of the second parent is chosen.
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Allocation component A real value intermediate crossover is used. A random value \(\alpha \), in the range \([-0.2,1.2]\), is selected to determine the new value in the blacklist matrix (BL) by applying Eq. 3. This range was chosen to avoid a premature convergence on a local minimum.$$\begin{aligned} BL_{child}=\alpha *BL_{parent1}+(1-\alpha )*BL_{parent2} \end{aligned}$$(3)
4 Experimentation
Cluster | Nodes | Effective power MIPS | Energy idle KW/h | Energy computing KW/h |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 64 | 1000 | 130 | 300 |
2 | 64 | 1200 | 150 | 320 |
3 | 64 | 1300 | 250 | 400 |
4 | 64 | 1800 | 280 | 400 |
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Half of the jobs in the HPC2N are made up of 1–2 tasks and the rest, evenly distributed in 4, 8 and 16 tasks. The average execution time of this workload is around 1 h.
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80 % of jobs in the RICC workload are made up of 1 task while the rest can contain up to 32, and the execution times of each job can vary, greatly from several seconds to 10 h.
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In the CEA CURIE workload, approximately 50 % of the jobs are made up of 32 tasks, with the execution time of 80 % of the jobs being extremely low, ranging from 1 s to 1 min.
4.1 Convergence of MOGA
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Num. iterations | 60 |
Population size | 80 |
Mutation frequency | 10 % |
4.2 MOGA performance comparison
Technique | Modifies queue | Mapping objective |
---|---|---|
FCFS | No | Select available nodes |
CBS | No | Avoid inter-cluster link saturation |
Min-Min | Yes | Energy |
JPR | No | Makespan or energy |
PSO | No | Makespan and energy |
HILL | Yes | Makespan and energy |
MOGA | Yes | Makespan and energy |
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FCFS is a technique that schedules the tasks of the first job in the scheduling queue to the available nodes, Schwiegelshohn et al. [28].
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The CBS heuristic was proposed by Jones et al. [29] and tries to allocate as much as possible the tasks of the first job in the queue to a single cluster in an attempt to avoid inter-cluster link saturation.
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Min-Min is a heuristic presented by Li et al. on [30] that is able to consider a set of jobs with the aim of minimizing energy consumption.
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JPR is a variant of the Naik et al. heuristic [10], where the jobs are matched with the best available resources depending on just only one of the criteria selected, makespan or energy.
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PSO is a particle swarm optimization presented by Oukfif et al. in [31] focused on minimizing both parameters.
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HILL uses the hill-climbing technique, a local search method [32] focused on minimizing both the makespan and the energy.
Policy | HPC2N | RICC | CEA-CURIE |
---|---|---|---|
FCFS | |||
Makespan | 305,553 | 277,264 | 434,979 |
Energy | 3,721,573 | 3,014,554 | 4,723,073 |
Compute time | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.68 |
CBS | |||
Makespan | 331,362 | 297,525 | 429,279 |
Energy | 3,785,578 | 3,172,691 |
4,573,592
|
Compute time | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.70 |
JPR | |||
Makespan | 335,038 | 302,794 | 421,282 |
Energy | 4,099,127 | 3,395,906 | 4,783,408 |
Compute time | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.73 |
PSO | |||
Makespan | 346,849 | 300,998 | 523,415 |
Energy | 3,934,970 | 3,138,362 | 4,837,743 |
Compute time | 121.86 | 99.41 | 58.36 |
HILL | |||
Makespan | 322,434 | 306,340 | 424,535 |
Energy | 3,937,109 | 3,525,591 | 4,866,540 |
Compute time | 39.05 | 68.24 | 40.12 |
MinMin | |||
Makespan | 319,751 | 267,316 | 497,380 |
Energy | 3,940,691 | 2,871,167 | 5,261,294 |
Compute time | 1.24 | 1.22 | 0.95 |
MOGA | |||
Makespan |
282,396
|
224,534
|
374,517
|
Energy |
3,348,483
|
2,482,854
| 4,641,108 |
Compute time | 8.9 | 10.21 | 6.92 |