1 Introduction
1.1 Competitive Adsorption
1.2 Additive Adsorption by Soot
1.3 Oil Starvation
1.4 Abrasion
1.5 Corrosive–Abrasive Wear
2 Experimental Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Tribotests
Motion | Pure sliding |
---|---|
Oil | Synthetic engine oil 5W30 |
Temperature | 40 ºC, 100 ºC |
Sliding speed | 500 rpm (0.78 m/s) |
Test duration | 120 min |
Initial contact pressure | Max 0.83 GPa |
Roughness, Ra (nm) | Ball = 13; Disc = 112 |
CB level in oil (wt%) | λ at 40 ºC | λ at 100 ºC |
---|---|---|
0 | 0.68 | 0.19 |
1 | 0.69 | 0.20 |
2 | 0.68 | 0.19 |
3 | 0.68 | 0.20 |
4 | 0.68 | 0.19 |
5 | 0.70 | 0.20 |
Material | C (%) | Mn | Si | P | S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ball | AISI 52,100 | 0.95–1.10 | 1.10 % max | 0.10–0.35 % | 0.05 % max | 0.05 % max |
Disc | AISI 1050 | 0.48–0.55 | 0.60–0.90 % | N/A | 0.04 % max | 0.05 % max |
2.3 Post-test Analysis
2.3.1 Wear Analysis
2.3.2 Surface Chemical Characterisation
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Friction Results
Tribometer type | Lubricant | CB (wt%) | Friction coefficient (µ) | Test conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four ball | 15 W-40 | 0–8 | 0.01–0.05 | 30 min, 25 ºC, 100–1200 rpm, 2.51 GPa, | [4] |
Pin on disc | Model oil + additive package | 0–10 | −0.14 | 18–23 ºC, 5 m/s, 2 GPa | [18] |
Reciprocating rig | 10 W-40 | 0–5 | 0.075 | 20 min, 0.21 m/s | [16] |
SRV | 10 W-30 | 0–4 | 0.06–0.15 | 30 min, 40–130 ºC | [15] |
Pin on disc | – | 0–10 | 0.11–0.13 | 60 min, 28 ºC, 5 m/s, 2 GPa, | [24] |
Pin on disc | 5 W-30 | 0–5 | 0.02–0.14 | 120 min, 40–100 ºC, 0.78 m/s, 0.83 GPa | This study |