Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Evolutionary Intelligence 1/2008

01.03.2008 | Review Article

Neuroevolution: from architectures to learning

verfasst von: Dario Floreano, Peter Dürr, Claudio Mattiussi

Erschienen in: Evolutionary Intelligence | Ausgabe 1/2008

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are applied to many real-world problems, ranging from pattern classification to robot control. In order to design a neural network for a particular task, the choice of an architecture (including the choice of a neuron model), and the choice of a learning algorithm have to be addressed. Evolutionary search methods can provide an automatic solution to these problems. New insights in both neuroscience and evolutionary biology have led to the development of increasingly powerful neuroevolution techniques over the last decade. This paper gives an overview of the most prominent methods for evolving ANNs with a special focus on recent advances in the synthesis of learning architectures.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Analog networks are collections of dynamical devices interconnected by links of varying strength. For example, genetic regulatory networks, metabolic networks, neural networks, or electronic circuits can be seen as analog networks.
 
2
Algorithms which combine evolutionary search with some kinds of local search are sometimes called memetic algorithms [53].
 
3
The two spaces are correlated if genotypes which are close in the evolutionary space correspond to phenotypes which are also close in the phenotype space.
 
4
An alternative approach to this are neural learning classifier systems. For example, Hurst and Bull [35] addressed the control of a simulated robot in a maze task. They used a population of neural networks acting as ‘rules’ controlling the robot. As evolution favored rules that led to succesful behavior, the set of rules adapted to the requirements of the task.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ackley DH, Littman ML (1992) Interactions between learning and evolution. In: Langton C, Farmer J, Rasmussen S, Taylor C (eds) Artificial Life II: Proceedings volume of Santa Fe conference, vol XI. Addison Wesley, Redwood City, pp 487–510 Ackley DH, Littman ML (1992) Interactions between learning and evolution. In: Langton C, Farmer J, Rasmussen S, Taylor C (eds) Artificial Life II: Proceedings volume of Santa Fe conference, vol XI. Addison Wesley, Redwood City, pp 487–510
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey CH, Giustetto M, Huang Y.-Y, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER (2000) Is heterosynaptic modulation essential for stabilizing Hebbian plasticity and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci 1(1):11–20CrossRef Bailey CH, Giustetto M, Huang Y.-Y, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER (2000) Is heterosynaptic modulation essential for stabilizing Hebbian plasticity and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci 1(1):11–20CrossRef
3.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Banzhaf W, Nordin P, Keller RE, Francone FD (1998) Genetic programming—an introduction. In: On the automatic evolution of computer programs and its applications. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco Banzhaf W, Nordin P, Keller RE, Francone FD (1998) Genetic programming—an introduction. In: On the automatic evolution of computer programs and its applications. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Barto AG (1995) Adaptive critic and the basal ganglia. In: Houk JC, Davis JL, Beiser DG (eds) Models of information processing in the basal ganglia. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 215–232 Barto AG (1995) Adaptive critic and the basal ganglia. In: Houk JC, Davis JL, Beiser DG (eds) Models of information processing in the basal ganglia. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 215–232
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Baxter J (1992) The evolution of learning algorithms for artificial neural networks. In: Green D, Bossomaier T (eds) Complex Systems. IOS Press Baxter J (1992) The evolution of learning algorithms for artificial neural networks. In: Green D, Bossomaier T (eds) Complex Systems. IOS Press
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Beer RD, Gallagher JC (1992) Evolving dynamical neural networks for adaptive behavior. Adapt Behav 1:91–122CrossRef Beer RD, Gallagher JC (1992) Evolving dynamical neural networks for adaptive behavior. Adapt Behav 1:91–122CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Belew RK, McInerney J, Schraudolph NN (1992) Evolving networks: using the genetic algorithm with connectionistic learning. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Artificial Life. Addison-Wesley, Reading, pp 511–548 Belew RK, McInerney J, Schraudolph NN (1992) Evolving networks: using the genetic algorithm with connectionistic learning. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Artificial Life. Addison-Wesley, Reading, pp 511–548
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Blynel J, Floreano D (2003) Exploring the T-maze: evolving learning-like robot behaviors using CTRNNs. In: Raidl Ge AE (ed) 2nd European workshop on evolutionary robotics (EvoRob’2003) Blynel J, Floreano D (2003) Exploring the T-maze: evolving learning-like robot behaviors using CTRNNs. In: Raidl Ge AE (ed) 2nd European workshop on evolutionary robotics (EvoRob’2003)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bongard J (2002) Evolving modular genetic regulatory networks. In: Proceedings of the 2002 congress on evolutionary computation 2002, CEC ’02, vol 2, pp 1872–1877 Bongard J (2002) Evolving modular genetic regulatory networks. In: Proceedings of the 2002 congress on evolutionary computation 2002, CEC ’02, vol 2, pp 1872–1877
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalmers DJ (1990) The evolution of learning: an experiment in genetic connectionism. In: Touretzky DS, Elman JL, Sejnowski T, Hinton GE (eds) Proceedings of the 1990 connectionist models summer school. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 81–90 Chalmers DJ (1990) The evolution of learning: an experiment in genetic connectionism. In: Touretzky DS, Elman JL, Sejnowski T, Hinton GE (eds) Proceedings of the 1990 connectionist models summer school. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 81–90
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandra A, Yao X (2006) Ensemble learning using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. J Math Model Algorithms 5(4):417–445MATHCrossRefMathSciNet Chandra A, Yao X (2006) Ensemble learning using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. J Math Model Algorithms 5(4):417–445MATHCrossRefMathSciNet
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Chellapilla K, Fogel D (2001) Evolving an expert checkers playing program without using humanexpertise. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5(4):422–428CrossRef Chellapilla K, Fogel D (2001) Evolving an expert checkers playing program without using humanexpertise. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5(4):422–428CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Dasdan A, Oflazer K (1993) Genetic synthesis of unsupervised learning algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Turkish symposium on artificial intelligence and ANNs. Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Ankara Dasdan A, Oflazer K (1993) Genetic synthesis of unsupervised learning algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Turkish symposium on artificial intelligence and ANNs. Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Ankara
15.
Zurück zum Zitat DiPaolo E (2003) Evolving spike-timing-dependent plasticity for single-trial learning in robots. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 361:2299–2319CrossRefMathSciNet DiPaolo E (2003) Evolving spike-timing-dependent plasticity for single-trial learning in robots. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 361:2299–2319CrossRefMathSciNet
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dürr P, Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2006) Neuroevolution with Analog Genetic Encoding. In: Parallel problem solving from nature—PPSN iX, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, pp 671–680 Dürr P, Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2006) Neuroevolution with Analog Genetic Encoding. In: Parallel problem solving from nature—PPSN iX, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, pp 671–680
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Federici D (2005) Evolving developing spiking neural networks. In: Proceedings of CEC 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation Federici D (2005) Evolving developing spiking neural networks. In: Proceedings of CEC 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fellous J-M, Linster C (1998) Computational models of neuromodulation. Neural Comput 10(4):771–805CrossRef Fellous J-M, Linster C (1998) Computational models of neuromodulation. Neural Comput 10(4):771–805CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Floreano D, Mattiussi C (2001) Evolution of spiking neural controllers for autonomous vision-based robots. In: Gomi T (ed) Evolutionary robotics. From intelligent robotics to artificial life. Springer, Tokyo Floreano D, Mattiussi C (2001) Evolution of spiking neural controllers for autonomous vision-based robots. In: Gomi T (ed) Evolutionary robotics. From intelligent robotics to artificial life. Springer, Tokyo
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Floreano D, Mondada F (1996) Evolution of plastic neurocontrollers for situated agents. In: Maes P, Matarić M, Meyer J, Pollack J, Roitblat H, Wilson S (eds) From animals to animats IV: proceedings of the 4th international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge, pp 402–410 Floreano D, Mondada F (1996) Evolution of plastic neurocontrollers for situated agents. In: Maes P, Matarić M, Meyer J, Pollack J, Roitblat H, Wilson S (eds) From animals to animats IV: proceedings of the 4th international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge, pp 402–410
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Floreano D, Urzelai J (2000) Evolutionary robots with online self-organization and behavioral fitness. Neural Netw 13:431–443CrossRef Floreano D, Urzelai J (2000) Evolutionary robots with online self-organization and behavioral fitness. Neural Netw 13:431–443CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Floreano D, Urzelai J (2001) Evolution of plastic control networks. Autonom Robots 11(3):311–317MATHCrossRef Floreano D, Urzelai J (2001) Evolution of plastic control networks. Autonom Robots 11(3):311–317MATHCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontanari JF, Meir R (1991) Evolving a learning algorithm for the binary perceptron. Network 2:353–359CrossRef Fontanari JF, Meir R (1991) Evolving a learning algorithm for the binary perceptron. Network 2:353–359CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Funahashi K, Nakamura Y (1993) Approximation of dynamical systems by continuous time recurrent neural networks. Neural Netw 6(6):801–806CrossRef Funahashi K, Nakamura Y (1993) Approximation of dynamical systems by continuous time recurrent neural networks. Neural Netw 6(6):801–806CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Geard NL, Wiles J (2003) Structure and dynamics of a gene network model incorporating small RNAs. In: Proceedings of 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, pp 199–206 Geard NL, Wiles J (2003) Structure and dynamics of a gene network model incorporating small RNAs. In: Proceedings of 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, pp 199–206
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerstner W (1999) Spiking neurons. In: Maass W, Bishop CM (eds) Pulsed neural networks. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge Gerstner W (1999) Spiking neurons. In: Maass W, Bishop CM (eds) Pulsed neural networks. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez F, Miikkulainen R (1997) Incremental evolution of complex general behavior. Adapt Behav 5(3–4):317–342CrossRef Gomez F, Miikkulainen R (1997) Incremental evolution of complex general behavior. Adapt Behav 5(3–4):317–342CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruau F (1995) Automatic definition of modular neural networks. Adapt Behav 3(2):151–183CrossRef Gruau F (1995) Automatic definition of modular neural networks. Adapt Behav 3(2):151–183CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gruau, F, Whitley, D, and Pyeatt, L (1996) A comparison between cellular encoding and direct encoding for genetic neural networks. In: Koza JR, Goldberg DE, Fogel DB, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1996: proceedings of the first annual conference. MIT Press, Stanford University, pp 81–89 Gruau, F, Whitley, D, and Pyeatt, L (1996) A comparison between cellular encoding and direct encoding for genetic neural networks. In: Koza JR, Goldberg DE, Fogel DB, Riolo RL (eds) Genetic programming 1996: proceedings of the first annual conference. MIT Press, Stanford University, pp 81–89
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen N, Ostermeier A (2001) Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies. Evol Comput 9(2):159–195CrossRef Hansen N, Ostermeier A (2001) Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies. Evol Comput 9(2):159–195CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Haykin, S (1999) Neural networks. a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RiverMATH Haykin, S (1999) Neural networks. a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RiverMATH
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hebb DO (1949) The organisation of behavior. Wiley, New York Hebb DO (1949) The organisation of behavior. Wiley, New York
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinton GE, Nowlan SJ (1987) How learning can guide evolution. Complex Syst 1:495–502MATH Hinton GE, Nowlan SJ (1987) How learning can guide evolution. Complex Syst 1:495–502MATH
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol (Lond) 108:500–544 Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol (Lond) 108:500–544
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Hurst J, Bull L (2006) A neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism for mobile robot control. Artif Life 12 (3):353–380CrossRef Hurst J, Bull L (2006) A neural learning classifier system with self-adaptive constructivism for mobile robot control. Artif Life 12 (3):353–380CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Husbands P, Harvey I, Cliff D, Miller G (1994) The use of genetic algorithms for the development of sensorimotor control systems. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perceptin to action. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos Husbands P, Harvey I, Cliff D, Miller G (1994) The use of genetic algorithms for the development of sensorimotor control systems. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perceptin to action. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Husbands P, Smith T, Jakobi N, O’Shea M (1998) Better living through chemistry: evolving gasnets for robot control. Connect Sci 10:185–210CrossRef Husbands P, Smith T, Jakobi N, O’Shea M (1998) Better living through chemistry: evolving gasnets for robot control. Connect Sci 10:185–210CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Igel, C (2003) Neuroevolution for reinforcement learning using evolution strategies. In: Sarker R, et al (eds) Congress on evolutionary computation, vol 4. IEEE Press, New York, pp 2588–2595 Igel, C (2003) Neuroevolution for reinforcement learning using evolution strategies. In: Sarker R, et al (eds) Congress on evolutionary computation, vol 4. IEEE Press, New York, pp 2588–2595
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz PS (1999) What are we talking about? Modes of neuronal communication. In: Katz P (eds) Beyond neurotransmission: neuromodulation and its importance for information processing, chap 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1–28 Katz PS (1999) What are we talking about? Modes of neuronal communication. In: Katz P (eds) Beyond neurotransmission: neuromodulation and its importance for information processing, chap 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1–28
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitano H (1990) Designing neural networks by genetic algorithms using graph generation system. Complex Syst J 4:461–476MATH Kitano H (1990) Designing neural networks by genetic algorithms using graph generation system. Complex Syst J 4:461–476MATH
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Korkin M, Nawa NE, de Garis H (1998) A ’spike interval information coding’ representation for ATR’s CAM-brain machine (CBM) In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on evolvable systems: from biology to hardware (ICES’98). Springer, Heidelberg Korkin M, Nawa NE, de Garis H (1998) A ’spike interval information coding’ representation for ATR’s CAM-brain machine (CBM) In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on evolvable systems: from biology to hardware (ICES’98). Springer, Heidelberg
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Koza JR (1994) Genetic programming II: automatic discovery of reusable programs. MIT Press, CambridgeMATH Koza JR (1994) Genetic programming II: automatic discovery of reusable programs. MIT Press, CambridgeMATH
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Magg S, Philippides A (2006) Gasnets and CTRNNs : a comparison in terms of evolvability. In: From animals to animats 9: proceedings of the 9th international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 461–472 Magg S, Philippides A (2006) Gasnets and CTRNNs : a comparison in terms of evolvability. In: From animals to animats 9: proceedings of the 9th international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 461–472
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2004) Evolution of analog networks using local string alignment on highly reorganizable genomes. In: Zebulum RS et al (eds) NASA/DoD conference on evolvable hardware (EH’2004), pp 30–37 Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2004) Evolution of analog networks using local string alignment on highly reorganizable genomes. In: Zebulum RS et al (eds) NASA/DoD conference on evolvable hardware (EH’2004), pp 30–37
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattiussi C, Dürr P, Floreano D (2007a) Center of mass encoding: a self-adaptive representation with adjustable redundancy for real-valued parameters. In: GECCO 2007. ACM Press, New York, pp 1304–1311CrossRef Mattiussi C, Dürr P, Floreano D (2007a) Center of mass encoding: a self-adaptive representation with adjustable redundancy for real-valued parameters. In: GECCO 2007. ACM Press, New York, pp 1304–1311CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattiussi C, Marbach D, Dürr P, Floreano D (2007b) The age of analog networks. AI Magazine (in press) Mattiussi C, Marbach D, Dürr P, Floreano D (2007b) The age of analog networks. AI Magazine (in press)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayley G (1996) Landscapes, learning costs and genetic assimilation. Evol Comput 4(3):213–234 Mayley G (1996) Landscapes, learning costs and genetic assimilation. Evol Comput 4(3):213–234
48.
Zurück zum Zitat McHale G, Husbands P (2004) Gasnets and other evolvable neural networks applied to bipedal locomotion. In: Schaal S (ed) Proceedings from animals to animats 8: proceedings of the 8th international conference on simulation of adaptive behaviour (SAB’2004). MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 163–172 McHale G, Husbands P (2004) Gasnets and other evolvable neural networks applied to bipedal locomotion. In: Schaal S (ed) Proceedings from animals to animats 8: proceedings of the 8th international conference on simulation of adaptive behaviour (SAB’2004). MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 163–172
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Mizutani E, Dreyfus SE (1998) Totally model-free reinforcement learning by actor-critic elman networks in non-markovian domains. In: Proceedings of the IEEE world congress on computational intelligence. IEEE Press, New York Mizutani E, Dreyfus SE (1998) Totally model-free reinforcement learning by actor-critic elman networks in non-markovian domains. In: Proceedings of the IEEE world congress on computational intelligence. IEEE Press, New York
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Montague P, Dayan P, Sejnowski T (1996) A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning. J Neurosci 16(5):1936–1947 Montague P, Dayan P, Sejnowski T (1996) A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning. J Neurosci 16(5):1936–1947
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Montana D, Davis L (1989) Training feed forward neural networks using genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 11th international joint conference on artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 529–538 Montana D, Davis L (1989) Training feed forward neural networks using genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 11th international joint conference on artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 529–538
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Moriarty DE, Miikkulainen R (1996) Efficient reinforcement learning through symbiotic evolution. Machine Learn 22:11–32 Moriarty DE, Miikkulainen R (1996) Efficient reinforcement learning through symbiotic evolution. Machine Learn 22:11–32
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Moscato P (1989) On evolution, search, optimization, genetic algorithms and martial arts: towards memetic algorithms. In: Technical report C3P 826, Pasadena Moscato P (1989) On evolution, search, optimization, genetic algorithms and martial arts: towards memetic algorithms. In: Technical report C3P 826, Pasadena
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Niv Y, Joel D, Meilijson I, Ruppin E (2002) Evolution of reinforcement learning in uncertain environments: A simple explanation for complex foraging behaviors. Adapt Behav 10(1):5–24CrossRef Niv Y, Joel D, Meilijson I, Ruppin E (2002) Evolution of reinforcement learning in uncertain environments: A simple explanation for complex foraging behaviors. Adapt Behav 10(1):5–24CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolfi S, Floreano D (1999) Learning and evolution. Auton Robots 7(1):89–113CrossRef Nolfi S, Floreano D (1999) Learning and evolution. Auton Robots 7(1):89–113CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolfi S, Parisi D (1996) Learning to adapt to changing environments in evolving neural networks. Adapt Behav 5(1):75–98CrossRef Nolfi S, Parisi D (1996) Learning to adapt to changing environments in evolving neural networks. Adapt Behav 5(1):75–98CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolfi S, Miglino O, Parisi D (1994) Phenotypic plasticity in evolving neural networks. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos Nolfi S, Miglino O, Parisi D (1994) Phenotypic plasticity in evolving neural networks. In: Gaussier P, Nicoud J-D (eds) From perception to action. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeifer R, Scheier C (1999) Understanding Intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge Pfeifer R, Scheier C (1999) Understanding Intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Purves D (1994) Neural activity in the growth of the brain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Purves D (1994) Neural activity in the growth of the brain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Quartz S, Sejnowski TJ (1997) The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto. Behav Brain Sci 4:537–555CrossRef Quartz S, Sejnowski TJ (1997) The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto. Behav Brain Sci 4:537–555CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Radcliffe NJ (1991) Form an analysis and random respectful recombination. In: Belew RK, Booker LB (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo Radcliffe NJ (1991) Form an analysis and random respectful recombination. In: Belew RK, Booker LB (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on genetic algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Rechenberg I (1973) Evolutionsstrategie—Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution. Fommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart Rechenberg I (1973) Evolutionsstrategie—Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution. Fommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Reil T (1999) Dynamics of gene expression in an artificial genome—implications for biological and artificial ontogeny. In: Proceedings of the 5th European conference on artificial life, pp 457–466 Reil T (1999) Dynamics of gene expression in an artificial genome—implications for biological and artificial ontogeny. In: Proceedings of the 5th European conference on artificial life, pp 457–466
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Reil T (2003) On growth, form and computers. In: Artificial genomes as models of gene regulation. Academic Press, London, pp 256–277 Reil T (2003) On growth, form and computers. In: Artificial genomes as models of gene regulation. Academic Press, London, pp 256–277
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Reisinger J, Miikkulainen R (2007) Acquiring evolvability through adaptive representations. In: Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2007) Reisinger J, Miikkulainen R (2007) Acquiring evolvability through adaptive representations. In: Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2007)
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Reisinger J, Bahçeci E, Karpov I, Miikkulainen R (2007) Coevolving strategies for general game playing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on computational intelligence and games (CIG-2007) Reisinger J, Bahçeci E, Karpov I, Miikkulainen R (2007) Coevolving strategies for general game playing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on computational intelligence and games (CIG-2007)
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Rieke F, Warland D, van Steveninck R, Bialek W (1997) Spikes. Exploring the neural code. MIT Press, Cambridge Rieke F, Warland D, van Steveninck R, Bialek W (1997) Spikes. Exploring the neural code. MIT Press, Cambridge
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, Williams RJ (1986a) Learning representations by back-propagation of errors. Nature 323:533–536CrossRef Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, Williams RJ (1986a) Learning representations by back-propagation of errors. Nature 323:533–536CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumelhart DE, McClelland J, the PDP Research Group (1986b) Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Foundations, vol 1. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge Rumelhart DE, McClelland J, the PDP Research Group (1986b) Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Foundations, vol 1. MIT Press-Bradford Books, Cambridge
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Saggie K, Keinan A, Ruppin E (2004) Spikes that count: rethinking spikiness in neurally embedded systems. Neurocomputing 58-60:303–311CrossRef Saggie K, Keinan A, Ruppin E (2004) Spikes that count: rethinking spikiness in neurally embedded systems. Neurocomputing 58-60:303–311CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki T, Tokoro M (1997) Adaptation toward changing environments: Why Darwinian in nature?. In: Husbands P, Harvey I (eds) Proceedings of the 4th European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge Sasaki T, Tokoro M (1997) Adaptation toward changing environments: Why Darwinian in nature?. In: Husbands P, Harvey I (eds) Proceedings of the 4th European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaffer JD, Whitley D, Eshelman LJ (1992) Combinations of genetic algorithms and neural networks: a survey of the state of the art. In: Whitley D, Schaffer JD (eds) Proceedings of an international workshop on the combinations of genetic algorithms and neural networks (COGANN-92). IEEE Press, New York Schaffer JD, Whitley D, Eshelman LJ (1992) Combinations of genetic algorithms and neural networks: a survey of the state of the art. In: Whitley D, Schaffer JD (eds) Proceedings of an international workshop on the combinations of genetic algorithms and neural networks (COGANN-92). IEEE Press, New York
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Schraudolph NN, Belew RK (1992) Dynamic parameter encoding for genetic algorithms. Machine Learn 9:9–21 Schraudolph NN, Belew RK (1992) Dynamic parameter encoding for genetic algorithms. Machine Learn 9:9–21
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275(5306):1593–1599CrossRef Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275(5306):1593–1599CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Shapiro J (2005) A 21st century view of evolution: genome system architecture, repetitive DNA, and natural genetic engineering. Gene 345(1):91–100CrossRef Shapiro J (2005) A 21st century view of evolution: genome system architecture, repetitive DNA, and natural genetic engineering. Gene 345(1):91–100CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Siddiqi A, Lucas S (1998) A comparison of matrix rewriting versus direct encoding for evolving neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation. Piscataway, NJ, pp 392–397 Siddiqi A, Lucas S (1998) A comparison of matrix rewriting versus direct encoding for evolving neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation. Piscataway, NJ, pp 392–397
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer W, Gray CM (1995) Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 18:555–586CrossRef Singer W, Gray CM (1995) Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 18:555–586CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Soltoggio A, Duerr P, Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2007) Evolving neuromodulatory topologies for reinforcement learning-like problems. In: Angeline P, Michaelewicz M, Schonauer G, Yao X, Zalzala Z (eds) Proceedings of the 2007 congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, New York Soltoggio A, Duerr P, Mattiussi C, Floreano D (2007) Evolving neuromodulatory topologies for reinforcement learning-like problems. In: Angeline P, Michaelewicz M, Schonauer G, Yao X, Zalzala Z (eds) Proceedings of the 2007 congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, New York
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley K, Miikkulainen R (2002) Evolving neural networks through augmenting topologies. Evol Comput 10(2):99–127CrossRef Stanley K, Miikkulainen R (2002) Evolving neural networks through augmenting topologies. Evol Comput 10(2):99–127CrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley KO, Miikkulainen R (2004) Competitive coevolution through evolutionary complexification. J Artif Intell Res 21:63–100 Stanley KO, Miikkulainen R (2004) Competitive coevolution through evolutionary complexification. J Artif Intell Res 21:63–100
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley K, Kohl N, Sherony R, Miikkulainen R (2005a) Neuroevolution of an automobile crash warning system. In: Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2005) Stanley K, Kohl N, Sherony R, Miikkulainen R (2005a) Neuroevolution of an automobile crash warning system. In: Proceedings of genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO 2005)
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley KO, Cornelius R, Miikkulainen R, D’Silva T, Gold A (2005b) Real-time learning in the nero video game. In: Proceedings of the artificial intelligence and interactive digital entertainment conference (AIIDE 2005) demo papers Stanley KO, Cornelius R, Miikkulainen R, D’Silva T, Gold A (2005b) Real-time learning in the nero video game. In: Proceedings of the artificial intelligence and interactive digital entertainment conference (AIIDE 2005) demo papers
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton RS (1988) Learning to predict by the method of temporal difference. Machine Learn 3:9–44 Sutton RS (1988) Learning to predict by the method of temporal difference. Machine Learn 3:9–44
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Reinforcement learning. an introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Reinforcement learning. an introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Trianni V, Ampatzis C, Christensen A, Tuci E, Dorigo M, Nolfi S (2007) From solitary to collective behaviours: decision making and cooperation. In: Advances in artificial life, proceedings of ECAL 2007. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol LNAI 4648. Springer, Berlin, pp 575–584 Trianni V, Ampatzis C, Christensen A, Tuci E, Dorigo M, Nolfi S (2007) From solitary to collective behaviours: decision making and cooperation. In: Advances in artificial life, proceedings of ECAL 2007. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol LNAI 4648. Springer, Berlin, pp 575–584
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuci E, Quinn M, Harvey I (2002) An evolutionary ecological approach to the study of learning behavior using a robot-based model. Adapt Behav 10(3–4):201–221CrossRef Tuci E, Quinn M, Harvey I (2002) An evolutionary ecological approach to the study of learning behavior using a robot-based model. Adapt Behav 10(3–4):201–221CrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Urzelai J, Floreano D (2001) Evolution of adaptive synapses: robots with fast adaptive behavior in new environments. Evol Comput 9:495–524CrossRef Urzelai J, Floreano D (2001) Evolution of adaptive synapses: robots with fast adaptive behavior in new environments. Evol Comput 9:495–524CrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitley D, Starkweather T, Bogart C (1990) Genetic algorithms and neural networks: optimizing connections and connectivity. Parallel Comput 14:347–361CrossRef Whitley D, Starkweather T, Bogart C (1990) Genetic algorithms and neural networks: optimizing connections and connectivity. Parallel Comput 14:347–361CrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Widrow B, Hoff ME (1960) Adaptive switching circuits. In: Proceedings of the 1960 IRE WESCON convention, vol IV, New York. IRE. Reprinted in Anderson and Rosenfeld, 1988, pp 96–104 Widrow B, Hoff ME (1960) Adaptive switching circuits. In: Proceedings of the 1960 IRE WESCON convention, vol IV, New York. IRE. Reprinted in Anderson and Rosenfeld, 1988, pp 96–104
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamauchi BM, Beer RD (1994) Sequential behavior and learning in evolved dynamical neural networks. Adapt Behav 2(3):219–246CrossRef Yamauchi BM, Beer RD (1994) Sequential behavior and learning in evolved dynamical neural networks. Adapt Behav 2(3):219–246CrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao X (1999) Evolving artificial neural networks. Proc IEEE 87(9):1423–1447CrossRef Yao X (1999) Evolving artificial neural networks. Proc IEEE 87(9):1423–1447CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Neuroevolution: from architectures to learning
verfasst von
Dario Floreano
Peter Dürr
Claudio Mattiussi
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Evolutionary Intelligence / Ausgabe 1/2008
Print ISSN: 1864-5909
Elektronische ISSN: 1864-5917
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-007-0002-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2008

Evolutionary Intelligence 1/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Foreword

Premium Partner