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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Case Study II: Climate Change

verfasst von : Zerrin Savaşan

Erschienen in: Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance?

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Abstract

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio, Brazil in 1992 and entered into force in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol, which sets out more detailed policies and measures that may be implemented by each party to achieve their commitments, was adopted at the third Conference of the Parties (COP 3 1997) to the UNFCCC in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan (see Annex G to this book for the list of COPs to the UNFCCC and MOPs to the Kyoto Protocol).

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Vorheriges Kapitel Case Study I: Ozone Layer Depletion

Nächstes Kapitel Conclusion

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See Werksman (2005) for details of the negotiation of the Kyoto compliance system.

See Savaşan (2012) for a comparative analysis of reporting under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.

See Decisions 9, 10 (COP 2 1996) and Decisions 3, 4 (COP 5 1999) for more extensive guidelines relating to country reports.

For details of national reports, see: https://unfccc.int/documents?search2=&search3=national%20reports&f%5B0%5D=document_type%3A3525.

See Herold (2012) for a detailed analysis of the experiences with Articles 5, 7 and 8 defining the monitoring, reporting and verification system under the Kyoto Protocol.

e.g. the MOP 1 (2005a, b) adopted the following decisions relating to articles 5, 7 and 8, KP (Decisions 13–15, 19–25, 27).

The rules of procedure of the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (RoP) were adopted by Decision 4 (MOP 2, 2006), and then amended by Decision 4 (MOP 4, 2008).

The same approach adopted for the relationship between the COP and MOP is used for the subsidiary bodies as well. As in the case of the relationship between the COP and the MOP, the subsidiary bodies of the Protocol are independent of those of the Convention.

See: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf.

See also Dannenmaier (2012) for a detailed analysis of the role of non-state actors in climate compliance.

Recalling its COP 1/Decisions 11, COP 2/Decision 7, COP 3/Decision 9, COP 4/Decision 4, COP 5/Decision 9 and the relevant provisions of its COP 4/Decision 1 on the Buenos Aires Plan of Action, and its COP 6/Decision 5, containing the Bonn Agreements on the implementation of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action, in COP 7/Decision 4, the COP establishes an Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT) to facilitate and advance technology transfer activities (Decision 4/COP 7 2001: 22, para. 2). It also sets out a number of technology transfer activities involving five key themes for meaningful actions: technology needs and needs assessments, technology information, enabling environments, capacity-building, and mechanisms for technology transfer (Annex, COP 7, Decision 4 2001: 24–30). Further, it requests the secretariat to develop an information clearing house, including a network of technology information centres, to facilitate the flow of, and access to, information on developing and transferring safe technologies (COP 7, Decision 4 2001: 26, para. 10(c, d)).

Article 4.3, in line with Art. 11.2(a, b), KP: developed country parties have to provide financial resources and the transfer of technology to developing countries. Art. 4.4: developed country parties have to assist developing countries. Art. 4.5: developed country parties have to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other parties, particularly developing country parties.

See also Goldberg et al. (1998) for the same view on the binding status of the measure requiring the suspension of eligibility.

For a general analysis of the weaknesses and strengths of the current system, see Savaşan (2015c).

For the activities of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AAWG-KP), see http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6409.php.

For the activities of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), see: http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6431.php.

For details of AWG-LCA 6, see: http://unfccc.int/meetings/bonn_jun_2009/session/6302.php.

See also Morgan (2012) for a detailed analysis on the emerging post-Cancun climate regime.

For the activities of the AWG-DP, see: http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php.

In the COP 20/MOP 10 negotiations held in Lima in 2014, invitations made to the state parties at the Warsaw meeting in 2013 for the presentation of their INDCs were repeated (COP 20, Decision 1 2014: paras. 8–10, 13–16). In addition, the draft negotiating text developed by the Durban Platform in Lima confirmed that the AWG-DP should complete its work at the COP 21 to adopt an instrument legally binding under the Convention, applicable to all parties, on the basis of the principle of CBDR in the light of different national circumstances (COP 20, Decision 1 2014: paras. 1–3, 5–7 and Annex).

(Information obtained on 10 June 2018). See the status of ratification of the Paris Agreement at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php.

New research reveals that all countries currently signed up to the Paris Agreement now have at least one national climate law or piece of legislation or national climate policy in place. See Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Sabin Center for Climate Change Law (2018) for details.

Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification. http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php. See also: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en.

Kyoto Protocol – Status of Ratification: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php.

Montreal Protocol – Status of Ratification: http://ozone.unep.org/sites/ozone/modules/unep/ozone_treaties/inc/datasheet.php.

For details of the US Climate Alliance see: https://www.usclimatealliance.org/.

See: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-paris-agreement-us-climate-change-donald-trump-world-country-accord-a8041996.html?amp.

See: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/28/donald-trump-says-us-could-re-enter-paris-climate-deal-itv-interview.

See Machado-Filho (2012) for a detailed analysis of the financial mechanisms under the climate regime.

For guidance on the determination of INDCs, see International Law Association (2014). Legal Principles Relating to Climate Change, Washington Conference. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2461556. See also Oslo Principles on Global Obligations to Reduce Climate Change, adopted on 1 March 2015: https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/schell/oslo_principles.pdf.

For a detailed analysis of Article 13, see Dagnet/Levin (2017).

Communication of the parties’ first NDCs (COP 21, Decision 1 2015: para. 22) was undertaken during the ratification process. For INDCs as communicated by Parties, see: http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx.

For an online climate data platform bringing together national climate pledges under the Paris Agreement and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions datasets, see: http://cait.wri.org/.

For another online platform to explore and visualize the most up-to-date data on carbon fluxes, see: http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions.

For an up-to-date assessment of individual country assessments by the Climate Action Tracker, see: http://climateactiontracker.org/.

See the forthcoming sections for further discussions on this issue.

See: http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/151482-deja-vu-strongly-against-philippines-signing-paris-climate-deal

See also Oberthür (2014) for a detailed debate on the options for a compliance mechanism in the 2015 Climate Agreement.

Sands (2016) also addresses the potential role of international adjudication in the form of an Advisory Opinion from the ICJ or ITLOS.

Based on these provisions, the KP’s non-compliance procedure was established by a decision of the COP (COP 7, Decision 24) Marrakesh, Morocco (the so-called ‘Marrakesh Accords’) in 2001, and then approved by the MOP (MOP 1, Decision 27) in Montreal, Canada in 2005; and the MP’s procedure was finalized by the MOP 4 (Decision IV/5) held in Copenhagen on 23–25 December 1992. See supra Sect. 6.1: The 1997 Kyoto Protocol Compliance Mechanism.

See Moosmann et al. (2017) for an overall and specific analysis, including the process leading to the COP 23 and the international developments and the challenges related to that meeting.

The progress of the negotiations relating to the Paris Agreement is summarised in the Progress Tracker document updated regularly by the UNFCCC secretariat. See: http://unfccc.int/files/paris_agreement/application/pdf/pa_progress_tracker_200617.pdf.

Under the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement on the first part of its first session (APA 1.1 2016), to assist parties to develop their consideration on the elements of the compliance committee, the details of which were left to be negotiated to the CMA 1, it was also decided to ask for the preparation of guiding questions from its Co-Chairs by 30 August 2016 (APA 1.1 2016: para. 9.7–25; COP 21, Decision 1 2015: para. 103).

See Savaşan (2012) for a comparative analysis of reporting under both the MP and KP.

For details of the challenges regarding gathering information under CMs, see Savaşan (2015b).

See Savaşan (2017a) for a general analysis of the weaknesses of the CMs.

Under the MP, if the relevant party invites the ImplCom to gather information in its territory, site visits can already be done. Under the KP they are conducted as part of the in-depth reviews with the approval of the relevant party (COP 1, Decision 2 1995: para. 2c), or it may be stipulated that if the party does not submit its data properly and on time, the competent body of the Agreement can benefit from other sources, or specifically from its own investigation/estimation etc. (for a similar view see Sachariew 1991).

See also the document released on 13 November 2017 concerning parties’ positions on the information they need to communicate about their national contributions, showing the differences in the organization, delivery and update systems of parties. Available at: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/bonn_nov_2017/in-session/application/pdf/apa_3_informal_note_final_version.pdf.

See Oberthür/Lefeber (2010: 150) for the view stating that the deduction approach does not form a ‘penalty’ or suitable way of ‘penalizing’ the party concerned.

Due to the fact that the parties that have withheld their consent to consequences adopted by decisions of COP/MOP can argue that they are not bound by these deductions (COP 7, Decision 24; MOP 1/Decision 27).

On the issue of clustering, the Second Consultative Meeting of MEAs on IEG agreed that the clustering of MEAs for promoting collaboration and coordination should be carried out at the sectoral level (e.g. biodiversity-related conventions, land conventions, chemicals and hazardous wastes conventions, atmosphere conventions and regional seas conventions and related agreements), the functional level (e.g. trade-related MEAs, conventions with prior-informed consent procedures, and conventions with customs procedures) and the regional level (e.g. capacity-building, enforcement and compliance etc.) (UNEP 2001: para. 12). See also Oberthür (2002) for the details of clustering.

Status of approval, acceptance, accession and ratification of the Doha Amendment, see: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en.

In recent years, China has started crucial projects to improve environmental protection in the country and has also taken a leading role in the process of the PCA. See Doğan (2017: 193–194) on China’s improvement in environmental issues.

For emissions by country, see: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.

See supra, Chap. 4 for details.

See ELI (2015) for a “Model Law Implementing the Nationally Determined Contributions Submitted Under the Paris Agreement”, designed to help countries construct a law-based system for meeting their NDCs under the Paris Agreement.

See Mehling (2012) for the view that the inclusion of weaker commitments in terms of their enforceability results in “a certain risk for the future of international climate cooperation” (Mehling 2012: 214).

See supra, Chap. 4, at Sect. 4.2.2.1.

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EB 16 (2011). Enforcement Branch. Sixteenth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 14–18 November 2011. CC/EB/16/2011/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-16-2011-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 15 (2011). Enforcement Branch. Fifteenth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 11–12 October 2011. CC/EB/15/2011/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-15-2011-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 13 (2011). Enforcement Branch. Thirteenth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 6–8 July 2011. CC/EB/13/2011/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_mechanisms/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-13-2011-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 12 (2011). Enforcement Branch. Twelfth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 3–4 February 2011. CC/EB/12/2011/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/cc_eb_12_2011_2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 11 (2010). Enforcement Branch. Eleventh Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 16 September 2010. CC/EB/11/2010/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-11-2010-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 10 (2010). Enforcement Branch. Tenth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 28 June 2010. CC/EB/10/2010/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-10-2010-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 9 (2010). Enforcement Branch. Ninth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 10–12 May 2010. CC/EB/9/2010/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_mechanisms/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-9-2010-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

EB 8 (2009). Enforcement Branch. Eighth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 23–24 November 2009. CC/EB/8/2009/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-8-2009-2_report_on_the_8th_meeting_of_the_eb.pdf.

EB 7 (2009). Enforcement Branch. Seventh Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 11–13 October 2009. CC/EB/7/2009/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-7-2009-2_report_on_the7th_meeting_of_the_eb.pdf.

EB 6 (2008). Enforcement Branch. Sixth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 6–7 October 2008. CC/EB/6/2008/3. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-6-2008-3_report_on_the_6th_mtg_of_the_eb.pdf.

EB 4 (2008). Enforcement Branch. Fourth Meeting. Report on the Meeting. Bonn, Germany, 16–17 April 2008. CC/EB/4/2003/2. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/enforcement_branch/application/pdf/cc-eb-4-2008-2_report_on_the_4th_meeting_of_the_eb.pdf.

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FB Reports to the Compliance Committee on the Deliberations in the Facilitative Branch relating to the Submission entitled “Compliance with Article 3.1 of the Kyoto Protocol.” (Parties concerned: Austria; CC-2006-1-2/FB, Bulgaria, CC-2006-2-3/FB; Canada, CC-2006-3-3/FB; France, CC-2006-4-3/FB; Germany, CC-2006-5-2/FB; Ireland, CC-2006-6-2/FB; Italy, CC-2006-7-2/FB; Latvia, CC-2006-8-4/FB, Liechtenstein, CC-2006-9-2/FB; Luxembourg, CC-2006-10-2/FB; Poland, CC-2006-11-3/FB; Portugal, CC-2006-12-3/FB; Russian Federation, CC-2006-13-2/FB; Slovenia, CC-2006-14-3/FB; Ukraine, CC-2006-15-2/FB). Available at: https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/constituted-bodies/compliance-committee-cc/questions-of-implementation/question-of-implementation-numerous-annex-1-party.

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CC-2006-14-2/Slovenia/FB. FB Decision not to Proceed against Slovenia. Available at: https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/constituted-bodies/compliance-committee-cc/questions-of-implementation/question-of-implementation-numerous-annex-1-party.

FB 12 (2012). Facilitative Branch. Twelfth meeting. Report on the meeting. Bonn, Germany, 22–23 October 2012. CC/FB/12/2012/3. Available at: http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/facilitative_branch/application/pdf/cc-fb-12-2012-3_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

FB 16 (2014). Facilitative Branch. Sixteenth meeting. Report on the meeting. Bonn, Germany, 4 September 2014. CC/FB/16/2014/2. Available at: http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/facilitative_branch/application/pdf/cc-fb-16-2014-2_report_on_the_meeting.pdf.

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CC/ERT/ARR/2012/2. Report of the Individual Review of the Annual Submission of Ukraine submitted in 2011. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/plenary/application/pdf/cc-ert-arr-2011-2_of_ukraine.pdf.

CC/ERT/ARR/2012/2/Corr.1. Report of the Individual Review of the Annual Submission of Ukraine submitted in 2011. Corrigendum. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/plenary/application/pdf/cc-ert-arr-2012-2-corr.1_2011_arr_of_ukraine.pdf.

CC/ERT/ARR/2011/33. Report of the Individual Review of the Annual Submission of Lithuania submitted in 2010. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/plenary/application/pdf/cc-ert-arr-2011-33_arr_2010_of_lithuania.pdf.

CC/ERT/ARR/2011/28. Report of the Individual Review of the Annual Submission of Ukraine submitted in 2010. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/plenary/application/pdf/cc-ert-arr-2010-28_arr_2010_of_ukraine.pdf.

CC/ERT/ARR/2011/21. Report of the Individual Review of the Annual Submission of Romania submitted in 2010. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/compliance/plenary/application/pdf/cc-ert-arr-2011-21_arr_2010_of_romania.pdf.

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Titel: Case Study II: Climate Change
verfasst von: Zerrin Savaşan
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance?
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14312-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-14313-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14313-8_6

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