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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Methodologies and the Conceptual Framework

verfasst von : Magdalena Smieszek

Erschienen in: The Evolving Psyche of Law in Europe

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Judgement, evaluation, critique, and the discerning of value involved, as Douzinas asserts, are psychoanalytical in nature and all analogous to law. The assertion goes further that the law itself is psychoanalytical. Taking the role of an outsider to one’s own discipline by applying an interdisciplinary lens permits a psychoanalysis of the discourse in the psychoanalytical elements of law. The present study more specifically explores the psychology of inclusion and exclusion reflected in human rights and asylum laws in Europe in order to analyze, compare, and critique their evolution. This is done by applying an interdisciplinary methodology to an analysis of the evolution of frameworks at the international and pan-European levels, an approach that will be introduced in this chapter. The discussion here will introduce a conceptual framework based on the social psychology of inclusion and exclusion. The chapter will outline relevant social psychological theories, terminology, and scholarship that serve to underpin a discussion of the psychology of the international and European human rights law concerning asylum. The approach relies on a “frame analysis”, a cousin of discourse analysis, using three frames that are based on theories from social psychology that can be used to understand, explain, and critique the legal developments. The frames are similar to themes used in other disciplines that were not explicitly connecting social psychology with policies.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Rights of Asylum: Overview of International and European Laws Concerning Inclusion and Exclusion

Nächstes Kapitel The Conflicted Making of International Refugee Law

Douzinas (2005), p. 58.

Ibid.

van Gestel and Micklitz (2014), pp. 292–316.

Langbroek et al. (2017), p. 2.

Minda (1995). Although law and emotion scholarship only emerged in recent decades, it had its origins in a more modern subset of legal realism—critical legal studies (CLS). Drawing on postmodernism, these legal movements challenged the perception of law as logical, ordered, objective and coherent in order to deconstruct the concepts, theories and language of law and reveal the disorder and diversity that lies underneath.

Morris and Murphy (2011), p. 35: “By its nature, socio-legal research is inter-disciplinary, drawing on tools and insights of disciplines such as sociology, social policy, anthropology, criminology, gender studies, ethics, economics and politics to explain and critique law and legal practices. Socio-legal research may also be theoretical, attempting to provide a social theory of law, asking what role does law play in society, or examining law as a form of power or a social system or a cultural practice.”

Jolls et al. (1998), p. 1476; Kahneman (2003), p. 1457.

Ibid Jolls et al. (1998), p. 1476.

Abrams and Karen (2010), p. 2021. At p. 2022: “Like behavioural law and economics (and unlike law and emotions), law and neuroscience work is not exclusively or even primarily focused on emotions.” At p. 2023: “The normative dimension of law and neuroscience scholarship is still largely unformulated.”

Voss (2006); Moghaddam (2005); Ogloff (2000), p. 457.

Johnson (2015).

Kingwell (1994), p. 318 <https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol6/iss2/8>. The view of law as literature is supported by Ronald Dworkin, and challenged by Richard Posner.

Ibid, p. 318.

Cover (1983), p. 4.

Abrams and Karen (2010), p. 2013.

Sajó (2011), pp. 6–7. Remainder of quote: “However, the level of the analysis shifts, and very different theoretical frameworks will therefore be applicable. I start by describing phenomena at the brain level, moving to social interactions shaping constitutions and constitutional institutions at the macro-social level in different and formative historical contexts. Finally, I look into the interaction of specific constitutional law arrangements with social emotion regulation, which is partly legal theory (how emotions are handled) and partly social theory about the regulation of emotions in law. While I examine the specific emotions behind specific constitutional solutions, I try to refrain from developing predictions and related explanatory theories to determine how specific emotions generate or contribute to specific legal problem-solving.”

Ibid.

Miller (1997).

Maroney (2006), p. 133.

Ibid, p. 120.

Ibid, pp. 126 and 128.

Ibid, pp. 126 and 131.

Abrams and Karen (2010), p. 2048.

Maroney (2006), p. 136.

Banakar and Travers (2005).

Ibid.

Allport (1954).

Kruglanski and Higgins (2007), p. 759.

Abrams and Karen (2010), p. 2028.

Kemper (1978).

Hochschild (1983).

Grant et al. (2005), pp. 6–15.

Snape and Spencer (2003).

Fairclough (2003); Fairclough (2005), pp. 915–939; Fairclough (1996), pp. 64–66.

Niemi-Kiesiläinen et al. (2007), pp. 69–88.

Ibid.

Burr (1999), p. 6.

Silverman (1993), p. 90.

Bandes (2009), pp. 11–13.

Allen (2017).

Kuypers (2009).

Ibid.

Abrams et al. (2005) [Kindle edition], p. 15 of 355.

Ibid, p. 17.

Ibid, p. 15.

Moore (2015). In this article, Peter Bouckaert, emergencies director for Human Rights Watch, is quoted saying: “There’s an increasing divide between the European public, who are showing a lot of empathy towards the Syrian refugees and European policy makers who are unwilling to come face-to-face with the reality of this crisis and to take the steps necessary to resolve it”.

Nagy (2016), p. 1034.

Ibid, p. 1034.

Ibid. Nagy justifies this non-legal focus as follows: “the seemingly unsolicited actions of the Hungarian government in starting an anti-immigration campaign at a time when immigration was a total non-issue in Hungary, and later, the harsh treatment of the asylum seekers, combined with large scale violation of both domestic and European law, call for explanations that are not offered by classical international law or European law scholarship”, p. 1040.

Ibid, p. 1034.

Huysmans (2006), p. 64; Wæver (1993).

Ibid at Huysmans (2006), p. 64.

Ibid, p. 63.

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 69.

Ibid, p. 73 citing Dahl (1999) and McCormick (1997).

Ibid Huysmans (2006), p. 73.

Ibid, p. 77.

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 64.

Mulvey (2010), pp. 437–462.

Greussing and Boomgaarden (2017), pp. 1749–1774.

Ibid, pp. 1749–1750; Perse (2001), p. 81.

Ibid; Quinsaat (2014), pp. 573–596.

Greussing and Boomgaarden (2017), pp. 1749–1750.

Ibid, p. 1751; Gemi et al. (2013), pp. 266–281 online at Horsti (2014), pp. 41–53; Klocker and Dunn (2003), pp. 71–92; Van Gorp (2005), pp. 484–507.

Greussing and Boomgaarden (2017).

Horsti (2008), pp. 125–156; Steimel (2010), pp. 219–237.

Greussing and Boomgaarden (2017), p. 1751; Harrell-Bond (1999), pp. 136–168.

Chouliaraki (2012), pp. 13–31.

Hier and Greenberg (2002), pp. 490–513; Madra and Adaman (2014), pp. 691–716.

Lynn and Lea (2003), pp. 425–452.

Bennett et al. (2013), pp. 248–265; Goodman and Speer (2007), pp. 165–185.

Gabrielatos and Baker (2008), pp. 5–38.

Esses et al. (2013), pp. 518–536.

Gilbert (2013), pp. 827–843.

Ibrahim (2005), pp. 163–187.

Greussing and Boomgaarden (2017), p. 1757.

Quinsaat (2014).

Abrams et al. (2005), p. 3 of 355.

Levine and Kerr (2007), p. 759.

Ibid; Fiske (2004).

Ibid Levine and Kerr (2007); Baumeister and Leary (1995), pp. 497–529.

Abrams et al. (2005), p. 279.

Levine and Kerr (2007), p. 760.

Ibid.

Tajfel and Turner (1979), pp. 33–47. The theory was founded by Tajfel and developed in collaboration with John Turner who went on to propose an extension of the theory called the Self-Categorization Theory (SCT).

Ongur (2015), p. 70.

Stereotype is the broad generalization or shortcuts about the traits of a particular group. Prejudice is the pre-judgment of negative traits of the group. Discrimination, in psychological terms, is the behaviour as a result of the prejudice.

Tajfel (1978), p. 61.

Tajfel (1981), p. 22.

Tajfel (1974), pp. 65–93 [cited in:] Ongur (2015), p. 70.

Tajfel (1981), p. 229.

Ibid, p. 230.

100

Anderson (2006).

101

Jennings and Watts (1992), p. 661 (para 226) [cited in:] Kesby (2012), p. 15.

102

Tajfel (1981), p. 223.

103

Ibid, p. 229 [emphasis added].

104

Tajfel and Turner (1979); Tajfel (1981), p. 254.

105

Ibid.

106

Ibid.

107

Hogg and Abrams (1993), pp. 173–190; Mullin and Hogg (1999), pp. 91–102 [cited in:] Nickerson and Louis (2008), p. 797.

108

Oldmeadow et al. (2003), pp. 138–152 and 140 [cited in:] Ongur (2015), p. 75.

109

Abrams and Hogg (1988), pp. 317–334 [cited in] Ongur (2015), p. 75.

110

McNamara (1997), pp. 561–567 [cited in] Ongur (2015), pp. 76–77.

111

Dovidio et al. (2005) [citing:] Taijfel (1969), pp. 79–97; Abrams (1985), pp. 65–74; Turner (1985), pp. 77–121.

112

Otten and Moskowitz (2000), pp. 77–89.

113

Park and Rothbart (1982), pp. 1051–1068; Wilder (1981), pp. 213–257; Howard and Rothbart (1980), pp. 301–319.

114

Dovidio et al. (1997), pp. 401–420.

115

Worchel et al. (1998), pp. 389–413.

116

Insko et al. (2001), pp. 95–111.

117

Turner et al. (1987), p. 1.

118

Turner (1985).

119

Ibid; Taijfel (1969), pp. 79–97; Abrams (1985), pp. 65–74.

120

Ongur (2015).

121

Dovidio et al. (2005).

Ibid, pp. 253–256.

Ibid, p. 254.

Ibid, p. 255.

Ibid, p. 256.

Dovidio et al. (2005), p. 247.

127

Nickerson and Louis (2008), pp. 796–817.

128

Ibid, p. 809. The study results: “As predicted, people who strongly identified with their nationalities, and those who perceived national norms as negative, exhibited less favourable responses to asylum seekers.”

129

Ibid.

130

Ibid; Allport (1954).

131

Nickerson and Louis (2008), p. 809.

132

Ongur (2015).

133

Ongur (2015), p. 77; Druckman (1994), p. 44.

134

Ongur (2015), p. 77.

135

Druckman (1994), p. 44.

136

Lowry and Peterson (2011), pp. 258–279.

137

Details on this history in the following chapter.

138

Huysmans (2000), pp. 751–777; Leonard (2007), Section 9: Security, Politics, Critique Panel 9–14: ‘Securitization and the Other: Theorising Immigration and Asylum Policies’.

139

ASR and Hewstone (1995); Piliavin and Charng (1990), pp. 27–65.

140

Ibid.

141

Manstead and Hewstone (1995), p. 290.

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 291.

Ibid, p. 292.

Ibid, pp. 293–294.

Ibid.

Ibid, pp. 292–293; Dovidio et al. (1999), pp. 86–118; Eisenberg and Fabes (1999), pp. 34–61.

148

Dovidio et al. (2006) (google books, no page numbers available).

149

Ibid.

150

Manstead and Hewstone (1995), p. 293.

151

Ibid.

152

Ibid Blackwell [referencing:] Cialdini et al. (1987), pp. 749–568.

153

Dovidio et al. (2006) (google books, no page number available).

154

Ibid.

155

Gilbert et al. (1998), p. 25.

156

Robinson (2013), p. 55.

157

Ibid, p. 59 [citing:] Haldane (1955), p. 34; Hamilton (1964), p. 1.

158

Ibid Robinson (2013), p. 61 [citing:] Trivers (1971), p. 35.

159

Ibid Robinson (2013) [citing:] Clutton-Brock (2002), p. 69 online at <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5565/69.long>; Nowak (2006), p. 1560; Nowak and Sigmund (2005), p. 1271.

160

Ibid Robinson (2013), p. 63.

161

Sober and Wilson (1998).

162

Batson (1991), p. 6. Gilbert et al. (1998), p. 282.

163

Sander and Scherer (2009) (kindle edition); James Andreoni (1990), pp. 464–477; Fehr and Fischbacher (2002).

Batson (1991).

Ibid, p. 3.

Ibid, p. 5.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 3.

Ibid, p. vii.

Ibid.

Batson (1991) and Dovidio et al. (2006).

173

Manstead and Hewstone (1995), p. 293; Batson (1991).

174

Batson (1991).

175

Abrams et al. (2005), p. 3 of 355.

176

Sander and Scherer (2009), p. 182.

177

Stephan and Stephan (2000), pp. 23–45.

178

Stephan and Lausanne Renfro (2002), pp. 191–208.

179

Stephan et al. (2009), p. 44.

180

Ibid.

181

Ibid.

182

Ibid; Semynov et al. (2004), pp. 681–701.

183

Ibid; Branscombe et al. (1999), pp. 135–149.

184

Stephan et al. (2009).

185

Stephan et al. (2009); Riek et al. (2006), pp. 336–353.

186

Stephan et al. (2009); Stephan and Lausanne Renfro (2002); Esses et al. (2001), pp. 389–412.

187

Stephan et al. (2009); Shamir and Sagiv-Schifter (2006), pp. 569–595; McLaren (2003), pp. 909–936; Corneille et al. (2001), pp. 437–446.

188

Stephan et al. (2009), p. 47.

189

Ibid; Triandis (1995).

190

Hofstede (1991).

191

Stephan et al. (2009).

Ibid, p. 48.

Ibid, p. 49.

Ibid, p. 52.

Ibid, p. 52.

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Titel: Methodologies and the Conceptual Framework
verfasst von: Magdalena Smieszek
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Evolving Psyche of Law in Europe
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74412-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-74413-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74413-7_3

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