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2001 | Buch

Changing Things — Moving People

Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development at the Local Level

herausgegeben von: Prof. Dr. Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz, Prof.Dr. Heinz Gutscher

Verlag: Birkhäuser Basel

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Über dieses Buch

This book results from a pioneering effort to organize a productive interdisciplinary research program on sustainable development policy in a small country not previously recognized as a world leader in environmental social science. The results are very promising, considering the short time frame and the high barriers to success for such an enterprise - differences in concepts and terminology, disciplinary myopia, and the inherent difficulty of the problem. In the USA, where I work, these barriers continue to pose major challenges after some 30 years of effort. Switzerland has made noteworthy progress in only five. I hope this book represents the beginning of a long­ term effort at problem-oriented interdisciplinary collaboration among Swiss researchers and prac­ titioners. The Swiss group has succeeded in developing a unifying framework that makes a major contri­ bution to environmental policy analysis. The framework broadens policy thinking by giving se­ rious treatment to underutilized strategies that rely on communication and informal influence as well as to well-studied ones that rely on technological change, regulation, and economic forces. This broad typology makes it easier for an analyst to escape the tendency to presume that the po­ licy instrument currently in fashion, whether it be market-based instruments, voluntary measures, or whatever, is the right strategy for all problems. It also encourages discipline-based analysts to consider how their favored strategies might be combined with other strategies less familiar to them, and thus to craft strategies that can take advantage of the strengths of various policy instruments.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Transformation toward Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary, Actor-Oriented Perspective
Abstract
The notion of “sustainable development” has become very popular through the report “Our Common Future” published in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development in preparation of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (WCED, 1987). The report states that sustainable development “integrates economics and ecology in decision making and law making to protect the environment and to promote development” (p. 37). It “aims at a type of development which integrates production with resource conservation and enhancement and links both to providing an adequate livelihood base and equitable access to resources” (p. 39). It tries to “reorient international relations to achieve trade, capital and technology flows that are more equitable and consistent with environmental imperatives” (p. 40). It “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (p. 43)
Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz, Heinz Gutscher
Switzerland’s Environmental and Sustainability Policies
Abstract
The studies presented in this book relate to the situation in Switzerland. For readers unfamiliar with the Swiss political system and Swiss environmental policy, we give a brief outline in order to facilitate comprehension of the studies. A more in-depth evaluation of Switzerland’s environmental policy is found in Knoepfel (1997) or Kirchgässner (1997). Extensive information is also available in the latest Swiss environmental report (SFSO and SAEFL, 1997) and online in the WWW at <http://www.admin.ch>
Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz, Ursula Mauch
A Typology of Tools for Building Sustainability Strategies
Abstract
This chapter introduces and describes a typology of policy instruments that has a dual purpose. It serves (1) as a conceptual tool for integrating the findings of the different studies that were part of our inter-and transdisciplinary research and (2) as a useful frame of reference for political actors when choosing appropriate sets of instruments for policy strategies. The instruments we have included in the typology focus on the ecological dimension of sustainability; they are applied primarily to promote environmentally responsible action. However we believe that the five basic types of instruments — command and control instruments economic instruments service and infrastructure instruments collaborative agreements and communication and diffusion instruments — are of a general character that would allow for the inclusion of specific groups of instruments for promoting economic and social sustainability. Future work will tackle the issue of complementing the typology so that it covers the full range of instruments available for promoting all three dimensions of sustainable development. The chapter consists of five sections.
Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz, Christoph Bättig, Susanne Bruppacher, Rico Defila, Antonietta Di Giulio, Peter Flury-Kleubler, Ueli Friederich, Myriam Garbely, Heinz Gutscher, Christian Jäggi, Maya Jegen, Hans-Joachim Mosler, André Müller, Nicole North, Silvia Ulli-Beer, Jürg Wichtermann
Psychological Principles of Inducing Behaviour Change
Abstract
In the comprehensive typology of instruments for promoting sustainable development presented above the instruments described are attempts to induce behaviour change. How the behaviour of others can be changed has been a central issue in the field of psychology since its beginnings. Psychologists have dealt with inducing behaviour change in various contexts — from psychotherapy education and marketing to military training and political manipulation. In this chapter we discuss the basic possibilities of changing the behaviour of others and develop a comprehensive and internally consistent psychological view of environmentally relevant behaviour change. We focus on the analysis of those principles upon which the instruments presented in the typology are based. We do not intend to present a synopsis of all psychological theories and empirical findings relevant to the issue nor do all our thoughts represent the consensus view of the discipline. Following an introduction we discuss a number of external interventions and analyse the internal psychological effects of these interventions. This is followed by a look at the conditions of efficacy and acceptance of the different attempts to induce behaviour change. The chapter concludes with a summary.
Peter Flury-Kleubler, Heinz Gutscher
Between Efficiency and Sufficiency. The Optimal Combination of Policy Instruments in the Mobility Sector towards Sustainable Development
Abstract
There is a consensus within environmental science that sustainable development can be achieved only through a combination of varying instruments including environmental policy instruments. The present contribution examines so-called sufficiency and efficiency strategies in the mobility sector.
Ursula Mauch, Nicole North, Raffael Pulli
Voluntary Collective Action in Neighbourhood Slow-Down — Using Communication and Diffusion Instruments
Abstract
We will show that the implementation of communication and diffusion instruments can successfully motivate a large number of people to change behaviour relevant to the environment. The goal of the intervention was to reduce neighbourhood driving speeds in a district of 10, 000 residents quickly without coercion and with no investment in costly construction measures.
Heinz Gutscher, Hans-Joachim Mosler, Jürg Artho
Taxation of Residential Energy Use
Abstract
The chapter focuses on different new and “classical” economic instruments i.e. taxes and grants and on some command and control instruments aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the residential building sector. A justification is given why energy conservation investment in the building sector is essential on the way towards sustainable consumption. The functioning and the particular implementation problems of the proposed policies are discussed.
Myriam Garbely, Alastair McFarlane
The Acceptance of Instruments among Energy Policy Key Players
Abstract
This article deals with energy policy a policy domain of high relevance for sustainable development. Its important issues — CO2 nuclear waste energy efficiency renewable energy — require diverse policy solutions and instruments at different societal levels as illustrated by several case studies in this volume. This contribution focuses on the cantonal and national level — thus complementing the focus on the municipalities — and on key players involved in political processes. The central question is how these political actors evaluate energy policy instruments. The instruments belong to three of the main instrument types presented in this volume namely collaborative agreements economic instruments and command and control instruments. For each type several concrete instruments have been selected including the tax on the energetic quality of buildings that is elaborated in the contribution by GARBELY and MCFARLANE. To put the key actors’ evaluations into perspective this study focuses on the political structure and analyses the power relation in the domain of energy policy. It attempts to give some indications of the barriers and opportunities that instruments for promoting energy efficiency may encounter in the political process. The analysis is based on empirical data from a survey of 240 key actors in the Swiss energy policy domain.
Maya Jegen
Solar and Alternative Power Supply: An Instrument towards Ecologically Sound Power Consumption?
Abstract
Solar power and power produced by other renewable energies and supplied by power utilities are means towards replacing fossil fuels and nuclear plants for power production. Promoting these energy sources is therefore an instrument towards more environmentally friendly electricity production and consumption. We classify solar and alternative power supply primarily as a service and infrastructure instrument according to the typology of policy instruments presented in this volume. Solar power supply shares many features with other instruments — depending on the actor’s perspective — such as economic instruments (subsidies) communication instruments (stimulating self-commitment) or even collaborative agreements as in the introduction of labels for “green” power products under changing framework conditions i.e. the liberalisation of the electricity market.
Sonja Gehrig, Nicole North
Strategic Networking and Implementation of Communication and Diffusion Instruments to Develop Local Energy Policies
Abstract
This contribution focuses on the network management strategy adopted by the Swiss federal government in connection with the programme “Energy 2000 for Municipalities”. This approach emphasises the importance of optimising co-operation among all parties involved in policy implementation. In doing so it is strongly focused on communication and diffusion instruments used at an operational as well as strategic level. Strategically oriented services at a higher level should prepare the ground for an active energy policy in general by for example strengthening the networking among municipalities and other energy policy players. Action-oriented services on the other hand aim directly at the planning and implementation of measures in specific areas.
Christoph Bättig, Andreas Balthasar
Economic Instruments for Wastewater Disposal
Abstract
This case study evaluates two economic instruments of water pollution control in Switzerland: wastewater taxes and wastewater charges as cantonal and municipal instruments respectively. We investigate the issues in relation to how these economic instruments should be designed; how their interaction with other instruments (command and control subsidies and communication and diffusion) should be organised; what obstacles might be faced in their implementation; what ecological impact and related counter-effects have to be dealt with; and how these can be overcome. The evaluation of wastewater charges has shown that the municipal task of making an ecology-related wastewater charge should be based on the “polluter-pays” principle and limited to the financing of disposal services. The cantons and the federal authorities should introduce cantonal and federal wastewater taxes in order to provide the necessary prerequisites that would enable municipalities to contribute to a sustainable development of water pollution control. Wastewater taxes would be a sensible complement to the current range of instruments based on command and control. Wastewater taxes can have a positive effect in relation to the discharge of pollutants into rivers and lakes. This will create an incentive for improving processes at sewage treatment plants. Communication and diffusion instruments should be employed in order to overcome the obstacles both to implementation and to the success of economic instruments.
André Müller, David Kramer
Mobilising Resources for More Sustainable Lifestyles: Views of Households and Local Authorities
This contribution examines the strategy taken by Global Action Plan (GAP) to promote and sup­port the development of environmentally sustainable lifestyles by combining various communica­tion and diffusion instruments. Potentials and effects of the instruments applied are discussed with regard to co-operation between municipalities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) like GAP. Two studies combine a bottom up and top down perspective: The system dynamics per­spective on the municipality is complemented by a study of the viewpoints of the individual citizen and household. Results indicate that a combination of communication instruments with other policy instruments such as economic and command and control instruments is well suited to lead a municipality towards sustainability by improving the preconditions for environmentally sound citizen behaviour. The focus is on the ecological and social dimensions of sustainability. Due to their common relevance for overall life goals and quality of life our findings further sug­gest that these two dimensions can sometimes be improved by one and the same measure e.g. in traffic safety.
Susanne Bruppacher, Silvia Ulli-Beer
Possibilities and Limits of Environmentally Responsible Action as Perceived by Participants in the Household EcoTeam Programme
Abstract
The acceptance and effectiveness of individual instruments in the typology depend upon the target group’s fundamental values, expectations, and behaviour intentions. For this reason it is important to evaluate these factors prior to applying an instrument.
Matthias D. Vatter, Wolfgang Gessner, Urs Wittwer
Suggestions for Designing Policy Strategies for Sustainable Development
Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the main findings of the studies presented in the previous sections with respect to their usefulness for designing policy strategies for sustainable development. The discussion is centred on the question of how optimal combinations of instruments can be designed by careful consideration of their respective modes of operation in time. We will also discuss the question of transferring the findings to socio-economic contexts different from the one encountered in Switzerland.
Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz, Silvia Ulli-Beer, Myriam Garbely, Heinz Gutscher
Inter and Transdisciplinary Processes — Experience and Lessons Learnt
Abstract
The aim of this contribution is not to present a theoretical discussion but to report on the procedures of and experience with inter and transdisciplinary processes in a project group, and recommendations resulting from these.’ The Integrated Project, “Strategies and instruments for sustainable development: Bases and evaluation of applications, with special regard to the municipality level” (IP), was a group of nine research projects (cf. List of Projects at the end of this book). Four of these sub-projects were located at the Swiss universities of Bern, Geneva, and Zurich; five were carried out by private institutions. The IP was managed by the Interdisciplinary Centre for General Ecology (IKAÖ) of the University of Bern. The project group was formed in the context of the 2nd stage of the Priority Programme “Environment” of the Swiss National Science Foundation, and funded from 1997 to 2000. The terms of this programme demanded proposals by project groups, in which individual sub-projects were to make a contribution to the objectives of the project group while pursuing their own research objectives.
Rico Defila, Antonietta Di Giulio
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Changing Things — Moving People
herausgegeben von
Prof. Dr. Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz
Prof.Dr. Heinz Gutscher
Copyright-Jahr
2001
Verlag
Birkhäuser Basel
Electronic ISBN
978-3-0348-8314-6
Print ISBN
978-3-7643-6252-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8314-6