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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Introducing Ebola (EVD): An Unnecessary Surprise

verfasst von : Annamarie Bindenagel Šehović

Erschienen in: Coordinating Global Health Policy Responses

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Chapter 4 tackles the Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease, EVD) pandemic of 2014/2015. It notes that coming in the wake of the ongoing HIV pandemic, the rights of those infected with Ebola to be identified and treated were largely uncontested. The questions of who would be treated, by whom, with what, remained however extremely contentious. The international response to the pandemic also saw, for the first time, not only non-state actors involved in mediating and mitigating a health crisis, but also military intervention. This chapter lays out both the uses and the dilemmas of military response. It explores the impact of these interventions in this Ebola pandemic, with a view towards possible future military deployments against health threats, and offers an initial analysis of the consequences thereof on the relationship between individual and state rights and responsibilities.

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Fußnoten
1
See WHO Ebola Situation Reports, available at: http://​apps.​who.​int/​ebola/​ebola-situation-reports.
 
2
Author’s translation of “Die Ebola-Pandemie Westafrikas wurde insbesondere in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 zu einer Krise globalen Ausmaßes und Anlass zu weltweiter Sorge. Räumlich konzentriert, verlangte sie lokale Maßnahmen mit weltweiter Reichweite. Ihr Verlauf war und ist Thema wechselnder Prognosen, widersprüchlicher Nachrichten, und auch großer Ängste. Besorgnisse richten sich sowohl auf medizinische als auch politische und wirtschafliche Implikationen. Ebola, sowie weitere sogenannte “emerging infectious diseases” (EID) sind verbunden mit gravierenden Folgen für die Lebenserwartung und Entwicklung der betroffenen Gesellschaften, Staaten und die Ökonomien sowie eine Bedrohung für Frieden und Sicherheit innerhalb und jenseits der unmittelbar betroffenen Regionen Westafrika.” In Šehović, Annamarie Bindenagel und Stephan Klingebiel (2016). “Eine funktionsfähigere globale Gesundheitspolitik: Empfehlungen vor dem Hintergrund der Ebola-Krise,” in Herdegen, Matthias, Karl Kaiser and James Bindenagel (eds). (2016). Internationale Sicherheit im 21. Jahrhundert. Deutschlands Internationale Verantwortung. V&R unipress, Bonn University Press, pp. 203–212.
 
3
See WHO Ebola virus disease Fact Sheet No. 103, available at: http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​fs103/​en/​.
 
4
See Thomas, Kate. “Ebola Deeply: The West African Ebola Outbreak, a Retrospective,” available at: http://​www.​eboladeeply.​org/​article; and Dahn, Bernice, Vera Mussah and Cameron Nutt. (2015). “Yes, We Were Warned about Ebola,” New York Times (April 7), available at: http://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2015/​04/​08/​opinion/​yes-we-were-warned-about-ebola.​html.
 
5
Dahn et al. (2015). “Yes, We Were Warned about Ebola.”
 
6
Despite the fact that the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations (IHRs) of 2005 (which went into effect in 2007) aim to bolster just such disease reporting, while delegitimizing measures such as trade and travel restrictions.
 
7
Petherick, Anna. (2015). “Ebola in West Africa: Learning the Lessons,” The Lancet (11 February), Volume 385, No. 9968, 591–592.
 
8
See “Liberia’s Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Urges World Help on Ebola,” (19 October, 2014), BBC News, available at: http://​www.​bbc.​com/​news/​world-africa-29680934.
 
9
See WHO Ebola Virus Disease Fact Sheet No. 103.
 
10
See WHO Ebola Virus Disease Fact Sheet No. 103.
 
11
See USCDC, “Anopheles Mosquitoes,” available at: http://​www.​cdc.​gov/​malaria/​about/​biology/​mosquitoes/​.
 
12
The infection was spread to Germany, France, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Spain, the UK and the USA before it was brought under control.
 
13
See MSF, “‘An Unprecedented Year’—Médecins Sans Frontières. Response to the Largest Ever Ebola Outbreak,” March 2014 to March 2015,” (1 June, 2015), available at: http://​reliefweb.​int/​report/​sierra-leone/​unprecedented-year-m-decins-sans-fronti-res-response-largest-ever-ebola-outbreak.
 
14
See WHO, “Statement on the 1st Meeting for the IHR Emergency Committee on the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa” (8 August, 2014), available at: http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​news/​statements/​2014/​ebola-20140808/​en/​.
 
15
See Reuters, “MSF Calls For Military Medics to Help Tackle West Africa Ebola,” (September 2, 2014), available at: http://​www.​msf.​org/​article/​reuters-msf-calls-military-medics-help-tackle-west-africa-ebola.
 
16
See Cooper, Helene. (2014). “Liberia President Pleads With Obama for Assistance in Combating Ebola,” New York Times (September 12), available at: http://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2014/​09/​13/​world/​africa/​liberian-president-pleads-with-obama-for-assistance-in-combating-ebola.​html.
 
17
This has caused all kinds of theoretical and practical controversy; the consequences of Johnson Sirleaf’s request are still being grappled with.
 
18
See UNSC, “With Spread of Ebola Outpacing Response, Security Council Adopts Resolution 2177 (2014) Urging Immediate Action, End to Isolation of Affected States” (September 18, 2014), available at: http://​www.​un.​org/​press/​en/​2014/​sc11566.​doc.​htm.
 
19
See UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER), available at: http://​ebolaresponse.​un.​org/​un-mission-ebola-emergency-response-unmeer.
 
20
 
21
 
22
See “Von der Leyen sucht Freiwillige aus Bundeswehr,” Handelsblatt (September 22, 2014), available at http://​www.​handelsblatt.​com/​politik/​deutschland/​kampf-gegen-ebola-von-der-leyen-sucht-freiwillige-aus-bundeswehr/​10735184.​html.
 
23
Miller, Zeke J. (2014). “Obama Appoints Ron Klain As Ebola Czar,” Time (17 October), available at: http://​time.​com/​3516888/​obama-ron-klain-ebola-czar/​.
 
24
 
25
See WHO, “Latest Ebola Outbreak Over in Liberia; West Africa is at Zero, But New Flare-ups are Likely to Occur,” (January 14, 2016), available at: http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​news/​releases/​2016/​ebola-zero-liberia/​en/​.
 
26
See WHO, Emergencies Preparedness, Response, “Latest Updates on the Ebola Outbreak,” available at: http://​who.​int/​csr/​disease/​ebola/​top-stories-2016/​en/​.
 
27
 
28
 
29
Sierra Leone lost its one specialist for infectious disease to the Ebola outbreak.
 
30
See “Leipziger Patient gestorben,” Süddeutsche Zeitung (October 14, 2014), available at: http://​www.​sueddeutsche.​de/​gesundheit/​ebola-leipziger-patient-gestorben-1.​2172720.
 
31
Horton, Richard. (2016). “Brazil: The Unexpected Opportunity that Zika Presents,” The Lancet, Vol. 387, Issue 10019, 633 (February 13).
 
32
See Petherick (2015). “Ebola in West Africa: Learning the Lessons.”
 
33
See “Ebola Clinic in Guinea Evacuated After Attacked: Angry Mob Claims Doctors without Borders Int9roduced Deadly Disease to Country,” AP (April 5, 2014), available at: http://​www.​cbc.​ca/​news/​world/​ebola-clinic-in-guinea-evacuated-after-attack-1.​2599555.
 
34
Heymann, David L. (2015). “Ebola: Burying the Bodies,” The Lancet, Vol. 386, Issue 10005, 1707–1794 (October 31) doi: http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(15)00684-4.
 
35
This was done in South Africa with regard to HIV and AIDS. Author’s professional collaboration with Professor Ruben in the context of AfriCare in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, 2005.
 
36
See WHO, “Guiding Principles for International Outbreak Alert and Response,” available at: http://​www.​who.​int/​csr/​outbreaknetwork/​guidingprinciple​s/​en/​.
 
37
Garrett, Laurie. (2015). Ebola’s Lessons: How the WHO Mishandled the Crisis,” Foreign Affairs (September/October 2015), Vol. 94, Issue 5, 80–107.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Introducing Ebola (EVD): An Unnecessary Surprise
verfasst von
Annamarie Bindenagel Šehović
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52006-3_4

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