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2017 | Buch

Cyber Racism and Community Resilience

Strategies for Combating Online Race Hate

verfasst von: Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Palgrave Hate Studies

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Über dieses Buch

This book highlights cyber racism as an ever growing contemporary phenomenon. Its scope and impact reveals how the internet has escaped national governments, while its expansion is fuelling the spread of non-state actors. In response, the authors address the central question of this topic: What is to be done?

Cyber Racism and Community Resilience demonstrates how the social sciences can be marshalled to delineate, comprehend and address the issues raised by a global epidemic of hateful acts against race. Authored by an inter-disciplinary team of researchers based in Australia, this book presents original data that reflects upon the lived, complex and often painful reality of race relations on the internet. It engages with the various ways, from the regulatory to the role of social activist, which can be deployed to minimise the harm often felt.

This book will be of particular interest to students and academics in the fields of cybercrime, media sociology and cyber racism.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Context: “Cyberspace,” “Race” and Community Resilience
Abstract
This chapter lays out the broad political economy of race and the Internet. It explores the emergence of the transnational super-corporations within whose structures and through whose products and services racism occurs. It explores how processes of regulation form, are resisted and transform. It also looks at how the cyber world has changed since the major studies undertaken in the first decade of the century have been overtaken by new technologies, new questions of regulation and new environments of racialised conflict and racial empowerment.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
2. Researching Cyber Racism: Methodologies and Methods Across Disciplines
Abstract
This chapter offers a broad description of how the pathway from disciplinary framework to research question, to method, to research outcome operates in the study of cyber racism. That is, how scholars have sought to define the particular characteristics of the Internet and social media in relation to race-targeting hate speech. This is then put in the context of the Cyber Racism and Community Resilience Project in terms of how it has been used to define the research questions and approaches taken to understand the phenomena.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
3. How Cyber Users Experience and Respond to Racism: Evidence from an Online Survey
Abstract
This chapter details the main findings of a survey conducted in December 2013 as a part of the Australian online Cyber Racism and Community Resilience (CRaCR) Project. Over 2,000 Internet users across Australia were surveyed regarding their encounters with cyber racism, the impact of these encounters and their responses to them. This group included targets, witnesses and authors of cyber racism. These survey data indicate that a significant number of Internet users regularly encounter racism online, primarily on Facebook, online news commentary and YouTube; both as targets and witnesses. This research also reveals that a small but prolific group are publishing intentional, exclusionary and hurtful racist content online, which is then being seen by a much wider audience of Internet users.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
4. Racism and the Affordances of the Internet
Abstract
This chapter shows how the Internet has become a dangerous place for encounters with racism. It analyses how racists behave online, recognising that not all racism has been constructed by people with overt racist agendas or a conscious sense of antipathy to other races or ethnic groups. It also identifies a range of elements that constitute racist behaviour online and examines situations where racism is experienced by targets, though perpetrators may dispute that they are racist.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
5. Targets
Abstract
This chapter explores what happens to communities or members of ethnic or religious groups when they are targeted by online racist abuse. Two key dimensions are reported. Firstly, the dynamics of response are outlined among six highly targeted Australian communities regarding their first-hand experiences of managing racism and hate online. Secondly, two empirical case studies are discussed where members of faith communities decided that the level of the threat posed by the online harassment to which they were exposed, required them to act. This chapter is about the everyday Internet users who suddenly discover they have wandered into the Dark Side.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
6. Racist Narratives Online
Abstract
The first part of this chapter uses the Australian example to demonstrate the development of contrasting national identity narratives and their interpretation on social media. This includes contextualising the narratives in terms of the historical and political development of Australia as a multicultural nation. The second part of this chapter uses examples from Australia and around the world to explore the discursive strategies employed by exponents of cyber racism to promote their version of national identity narratives. These complementary approaches aim to give insight into the dynamic through which cyber racism can be legitimised through narratives about national identity.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
7. Building Online Communities of Resistance and Solidarityonline communities of resistance and solidarity
Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for building successful online communities that offer solidarity to their members in the face of online racism. The framework looks at the eight different types of online communities, the types of stakeholders driving or empowering them and a range of proactive and reactive strategies they can adopt to tackle cyber racism. This framework is illustrated with in-depth case studies and examples of each type of community and how they can contribute to the creation of online communities of solidarity and resistance.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
8. Promoting Resilience Through Regulation
Abstract
This chapter reports on the framework of legal and regulatory channels in place to deal with cyber racism (with specific reference to Australia), to identify how this issue can be tackled more effectively. It offers insights on how to approach the issue of regulation in the future and argues for the strengthening of administrative remedies over criminalisation and strategies for promoting ethical behaviour online, an awareness of human rights and prevention over prosecution.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
9. Conclusion: Future Directions in Building Community Resilience
Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth examination of the pathways to resilience, bringing together theoretical models of community development with resilience building and exemplars from a range of situations and countries around the world in relation to online racism. It explores strategies and responses from within communities experiencing racist harassment, as well as collaborating social activists who provide technical capacities and organisational support. In addition, it identifies how governments and corporates have responded, and their roles in contributing to the enhancement of community resilience.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Cyber Racism and Community Resilience
verfasst von
Andrew Jakubowicz
Kevin Dunn
Gail Mason
Yin Paradies
Ana-Maria Bliuc
Nasya Bahfen
Andre Oboler
Rosalie Atie
Karen Connelly
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-64388-5
Print ISBN
978-3-319-64387-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64388-5

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