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01.11.2007

An analysis of the social context of children’s weekend discretionary activity participation

verfasst von: Ipek N. Sener, Chandra R. Bhat

Erschienen in: Transportation | Ausgabe 6/2007

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Abstract

This paper examines the discretionary time-use of children, including the social context of children’s participations. Specifically, the paper examines participation and time investment in in-home leisure as well as five different types of out-of-home discretionary activities: (1) shopping, (2) social, (3) meals, (4) passive recreation (i.e., physically inactive recreation, such as going to the movies or a concert), and (5) active recreation (i.e., physically active recreation, such as playing tennis or running). The social context of children’s activity participation is also examined by focusing on the accompanying individuals in children’s activity engagement. The accompanying arrangement is classified into one of six categories: (1) alone, (2) with mother and no one else, (3) with father and no one else, (4) with both mother and father, and no one else, (5) with other individuals, but no parents, and (6) with other individuals and one or both parents. The utility-theoretic Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) is employed to model time-use in one or more activity purpose–company type combinations. The data used in the analysis is drawn from the 2002 Child Development Supplement (CDS) to the U.S. Panel Study Income Dynamics (PSID). The results from the model can be used to examine the time-use choices of children, as well as to assess the potential impacts of urban and societal policies on children’s activity participation and time-use decisions. Our findings also emphasize the need to collect, in future travel surveys, more extensive and higher quality data capturing the intra- and inter-household interactions between individuals (including children). To our knowledge, the research in this paper is the first transportation-related study to rigorously and comprehensively analyze the social dimension of children’s activity participation.

Vorheriger Artikel Operating costs in Norwegian toll companies: a panel data analysis

Nächster Artikel Assessing the accuracy of the Sydney Household Travel Survey with GPS

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As indicated in the previous section, these time investments in activity purposes with each possible accompanying person(s) can then form the basis for detailed activity episode participation and scheduling.

In addition to the specific need to focus on weekends in the context of children’s discretionary activity participation and the social context of children’s participations, there is an increasing recognition of the general need to examine weekend activities and travel in activity-travel analysis. This is because the total volume of travel, and total person miles of travel, undertaken during weekdays and weekend days are comparable (see Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas 2000; Lockwood et al. 2005). Additionally, the differences between weekdays and weekend days, especially in the temporal profiles of the travel patterns, have implications for air quality modeling. The sustained high volume of weekend trips during the hotter (i.e., mid-day) period of the day can amplify the severity of the impact of emissions on air quality. The longer soak times of vehicles prior to first use during weekends (as a consequence of departure from home much later in the day) compared to weekdays can also increase air pollution from emissions.

The term “outside good” refers to a good that is “outside” the purview of the choice of whether to be consumed or not. That is, the “outside good” is a good that is always consumed by all consumers.

A utility-theoretic formulation, as used here, is one that derives its theoretical basis in microeconomic utility concepts of consumer choice.

The reader will note that IH leisure was retained as a single category, without breaking it down by accompaniment type. This is because the accompanying arrangement for in-home episodes can be expected to be less structured and more spontaneous than for out-of-home episodes.

While not shown explicitly in Table 2 due to space constraints, there are variations in the accompaniment type by age of the child. An analysis segmenting children who participate in out-of-home discretionary activity into those 10 years or less and those above 10 years of age indicated that the older children are more likely to participate with no parents around (70% for older children versus 62% for the younger children) and less likely to participate with parents and others (41% for older children versus 59% for the younger children). Interestingly, however, there were no substantial differences in participation rates between the age groups in the “alone”, “mother”, “father”, and “parents” accompaniment categories.

These trends apply to both younger and older children. Also, older children are consistently more likely to participate with no parents across all activity purposes, and less likely to participate with parents and others across all activity purposes. Older children are more likely than younger children to participate alone in shopping, active recreation, and meal activities.

Some other utility function forms were also considered, but the one below provided the best data fit. For conciseness, we do not discuss these alternative forms. The reader is referred to Bhat (2007) for a detailed discussion of alternative utility forms. The reader will also note the implicit assumption in the formulation below that there is utility gained from investing time in discretionary activities. This is a reasonable assumption since individuals have the choice not to participate in such activities.

The individual has the vector \(\user2{t}\) as the decision vector. The second through Kth elements of \(\user2{t}\) can either be zero or some positive value (the first element of \(\user2{t}\) should be positive). Whether or not a specific t _k value (k = 2, 3, ..., K) is zero constitutes the discrete choice component, while the magnitude of each non-zero t _k value constitutes the continuous choice component.

If a child in a single-mother (single-father) household participates in an activity with her/his father (mother) and no one else, this is classified under “with other individuals, but no parents (no parents)” category. If such a child participates with both parents, and no one else, this time investment is classified under the “parents and others” category.

Thus, the alternative-specific coefficients for the variable “child’s age” are (from the first number column of Table 4) as follows: IH leisure (0.000), shopping-alone (0.000), social-alone (0.000), meals-alone (0.000), passive recreation-alone (−0.821), active recreation-alone (0.000), shopping-mother (−0.827), social-mother (−0.827), meals-mother (−0.827), passive recreation-mother (−0.821−0.827 = −1.648), active recreation-mother (−0.827), shopping-father (0.000), social-father (0.000), meals-father (0.000), passive recreation-father (−0.821), active recreation-father (0.000), shopping-parents (0.000), social-parents (0.000), meals-parents (0.000). passive recreation-parents (−0.821), active recreation-parents (0.000), shopping-no parents (1.128), social-no parents (1.128), meals-no parents (1.128), passive recreation-no parents (−0.821 + 1.128 = 0.307), active recreation-no parents (1.128), shopping-parents and others (−0.625), social-parents and others (−0.625), meals-parents and others (−0.625), passive recreation-parents and others (−0.821−0.625 = −1.446), and active recreation-parents and others (−0.625).

We also attempted interactions of season and region variables, but these did not turn out to be statistically significant.

There was no statistically significant variation in α₁ based on observed child-associated characteristics y ₁. The reader will also note that there are no α terms appearing for the out-of-home alternatives, because they are all implicitly held to 0. This is because of empirical identification considerations that make it difficult to estimate both α and γ simultaneously (for a detailed discussion, see Bhat 2007).

There were no statistically significant variations in γ_k based on child-related characteristics ω_k.

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Titel: An analysis of the social context of children’s weekend discretionary activity participation
verfasst von: Ipek N. Sener
Chandra R. Bhat
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2007
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Transportation / Ausgabe 6/2007
Print ISSN: 0049-4488
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-9435
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-007-9125-9

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