nach oben

Journal of Chinese Political Science

Erschienen in:

08.09.2020 | Research Article

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Discourse Analysis of Quotidian Expressions of Nationalism during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese Cyberspace

verfasst von: Xiaoyu Zhao

Erschienen in: Journal of Chinese Political Science | Ausgabe 2/2021

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

By conducting discourse analysis on quotidian expressions of nationalism of Chinese netizens and analyzing their “Liking” behavior, this article tries to inductively explore during the COVID-19 pandemic what and how Chinese netizens say about nationalism. This article finds that during the pandemic, Chinese netizens show a confident and rational but confrontational and xenophobic posture in their quotidian discourses. They value reasoning and deliberation in their expressions of nationalist discourses. In the quotidian discourses, they maintain a confident tone when comparing China’s performance with other countries during the pandemic, but show vigilance and even hostile sentiments toward external provocations.

Nächster Artikel The Politics of Blaming: the Narrative Battle between China and the US over COVID-19

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

The top three social media was WeChat Moments (87.3%), Tencent QZone (64.4%), and Weibo (40.9%) [9]. The former two are private social media and the last one has been “tainted” by the “50-Cent Party”.

There are four universal rules in generating codes, that is, unidimensionality, mutual exclusiveness, exhaustiveness, and saturation [31]. In addition to these four iron laws, we also need to notice that (1) Do not expect any particular attributes of nationalism to emerge; and (2) Do not expect any particular number of the attributes, they could be zero or hundreds, etc. [16].

Nodes of significant others do not present in the table.

The percentage in brackets refers to the percentage of the node for its group. For example, 18.43% means that in the mass discourse, “external provocation” accounts for 18.43% of “Roots of Chinese nationalism”. Besides, 13 and 14 times means the number of co-occurrence between nodes. The number of co-occurrence between nodes is independent of the percentage.

Brief descriptions of these types will be elaborated later.

The name of the movie is “Let the Bullets Fly” (让子弹飞).

In April 2020, Kishore Mahbubani, a professor at the National University of Singapore, firstly utilized the logic to refute the claiming so-called accountability and compensation. Since then, Geng Shuang, a then-Foreign Ministry spokesman, and Chinese netizens have started to employ the logic to point out the double standards of the US-led countries [51].

Abdelal, R., Y.M. Herrera, A.I. Johnston, and R. McDermott. 2006. Identity as a variable. Perspectives on Politics 4 (4): 695–711.CrossRef

Cai, K.G. 2020. Constructing an analytical framework for explaining Chinese foreign policy. Chinese Political Science Review 5: 355–373.CrossRef

Callahan, W.A. 2014. The China dream and the American dream. Economic and Political Studies 2 (1): 143–160.CrossRef

Callahan, W.A. 2017. Dreaming as a critical discourse of national belonging: China dream, American dream and world dream. Nations and Nationalism 23 (2): 248–270.CrossRef

Cappelletti, A. 2019. Between centrality and re-scaled identity: A new role for the Chinese state in shaping China’s image abroad. Chinese Political Science Review 4: 349–374.CrossRef

Chan, C.P., and B. Bridges. 2006. China, Japan, and the clash of nationalism. Asian Perspective 30 (1): 127–156.CrossRef

Chan, S.I., and W.Q. Song. 2020. Telling the China story well: A discursive approach to the analysis of Chinese foreign policy in the “belt and road” initiative. Chinese Political Science Review 5: 417–437.CrossRef

Chen, J.W. 2019. How Hawkish is the Chinese public? Another look at ‘rising nationalism’ and Chinese foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary China 28 (119): 679–695.CrossRef

China Internet Network Information Center. 2019. Zhong Guo Hu Lian Wang Luo Fa Zhan Zhuang Kuang Tong Ji Bao Gao (Statistical report on internet development in China). http://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-08/30/c_1124939590.htm. Accessed May 2, 2020.

10.

Duan, X.L. 2017. Unanswered questions: Why we may be wrong about Chinese nationalism and its foreign policy implications. Journal of Contemporary China 26 (108): 886–900.CrossRef

11.

Eliasoph, N. 1998. Avoiding politics: How Americans produce apathy in everyday life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

12.

Fewsmith, J. 2001. China since Tiananmen: The politics of transition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

13.

Gries, P.H. 2001. Tears of rage: Chinese nationalist reactions to the Belgrade embassy bombing. The China Journal 46: 25–43.CrossRef

14.

Gusterson, H. 1996. Nuclear rites: A weapons laboratory at the end of the cold war. Berkeley: University of California Press.

15.

Hansen, L. 2006. Security as practice: Discourse analysis and the Bosnian war. London: Routledge.

16.

Hopf, T. 2009. Identity relations and the Sino-Soviet Split. In Measuring identity: A guide for social scientists, ed. R. Abdelal, Y.M. Herrera, A.I. Johnston, and R. McDermott, 279–315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

17.

Hughes, C.R. 2005. Interpreting nationalist texts: A post-structuralist approach. Journal of Contemporary China 14 (43): 247–267.CrossRef

18.

Jia, Q.G. 2005. Disrespect and distrust: The external origins of contemporary Chinese nationalism. Journal of Contemporary China 14 (42): 11–21.CrossRef

19.

Johnston, A.I. 2017. Is Chinese nationalism rising? Evidence from Beijing. International Security 41 (3): 7–43.CrossRef

20.

Karmazin, A. 2017. China’s nationalist discourse and Taiwan. China Report 53 (4): 429–446.CrossRef

21.

Kim, J. 2018. The clash of power and nationalism: The Sino-Japan territorial dispute. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 5 (1): 31–56.CrossRef

22.

King, G., J. Pan, and M.E. Roberts. 2017. How the Chinese government fabricates social media posts for strategic distraction, not engaged argument. American Political Science Review 111 (3): 484–501.CrossRef

23.

Lams, L. 2018. Examining strategic narratives in Chinese official discourse under Xi Jinping. Journal of Chinese Political Science 23 (3): 387–411.CrossRef

24.

Miao, Y. 2020. Can China be populist? Grassroot populist narratives in the Chinese cyberspace. Contemporary Politics 20 (3): 268–287.CrossRef

25.

NVivo 11 for Windows. 2020. QSR. http://help-nv11.qsrinternational.com/desktop/welcome/welcome.htm. Accessed July 1, 2020.

26.

Oksenberg, M. 1986. China’s confident nationalism America and the world. Foreign Affairs 65: 501–523.CrossRef

27.

Pan, J., and Y.Q. Xu. 2018. China’s ideological spectrum. The Journal of Politics 80 (1): 254–273.CrossRef

28.

Roy, D. 2019. Assertive China: Irredentism or expansionism? Survival 61 (1): 51–74.CrossRef

29.

Ru He Kan Dai Ge Guo Dui Ben Ci Xin Guan Fei Yan Yi Qing Xiang Zhong Guo Suo Pei (How do you view various countries’ claims against China for Covid-19?) 2020. Zhihu. https://www.zhihu.com/question/385947180. Accessed March 25, 2020.

30.

Ru He Kan Dai Zhong Guo Zai Xin Guan Yi Qing Zhong Mi Ji Chu Shou Yuan Zhu Duo Guo (How do you view China’s intensive assistance to other countries in Covid-19?). 2020. Zhihu. https://www.zhihu.com/question/378467357. Accessed March 25, 2020.

31.

Schreier, M. 2012. Qualitative content analysis in practice. London: Sage Press.

32.

Shambaugh, D. 1996. Containment or engagement of China? Calculating Beijing’s responses. International Security 21 (2): 180–209.CrossRef

33.

Shambaugh, D. 2008. China’s competing nationalisms. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinas-competing-nationalisms/.

34.

Shapiro, M.J. 1981. Language and political understanding: The politics of discursive practices. New Haven: Yale University Press.

35.

Shen, S. 2007. “Accidentalizing” a nationalist conflict: The spy plane collision incident. In Redefining nationalism in modern China: Sino-American relations and the emergence of Chinese public opinion in the 21st century, ed. S. Shen, 71–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef

36.

Shen, S., and S. Breslin. 2010. Online Chinese nationalism and China’s bilateral relations. Lanham: Lexington Books.

37.

Sinkkonen, E. 2013. Nationalism, patriotism and foreign policy attitudes among Chinese university students. The China Quarterly 216: 1045–1063.CrossRef

38.

Sinkkonen, E., and M. Elovainio. 2020. Chinese perceptions of threats from the United States and Japan. Political Psychology 41 (2): 265–282.CrossRef

39.

Tsai, Kellee. 2006. Adaptive informal institutions and endogenous institutional change in China. World Politics 59 (1): 116–141.CrossRef

40.

Wang, F.L. 1997. Ignorance, arrogance, and radical nationalism: A review of China can say no. Journal of Contemporary China 6 (14): 161–165.CrossRef

41.

Wang, W.Y. 2013. Weibo, framing, and media practices in China. Journal of Chinese Political Science 18 (4): 375–388.CrossRef

42.

Wang, J.Y. 2017. Representing Chinese nationalism/patriotism through president Xi Jinping’s “Chinese dream” discourse. Journal of Language and Politics 16: 830–848.CrossRef

43.

Wang, V., and A. Qin. 2020. As coronavirus fades in China, nationalism and xenophobia flare. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/world/asia/coronavirus-china-nationalism.html. Accessed May 5, 2020.

44.

Wei, Z.K. 2019. China’s little pinks?: Nationalism among elite university students in Hangzhou. Asian Survey 59 (5): 822–843.CrossRef

45.

Wei Shen Me Guo Wai Bu Chong Fen Jie Jian Zhong Guo Xin Guan Fei Yan Fang Zhi De Jing Yan (Why do not foreign countries fully learn from China’s experience in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19?). 2020. Zhihu. https://www.zhihu.com/question/381011221. Accessed March 25, 2020.

46.

Xin Guan Fei Yan Yi Qing Hui Bu Hui Cheng Wei Zhong Guo Guoji Kou Bei he Yu Lun De Fan Shen Zhang (Will Covid-19 pandemic become a turnaround for China’s international reputation and public opinion?). 2020. Zhihu. https://www.zhihu.com/question/379553085. Accessed March 25, 2020.

47.

Zhang, Y.X., J.J. Liu, and J.R. Wen. 2018. Nationalism on Weibo: Towards a multifaceted understanding of Chinese nationalism. The China Quarterly 235: 758–783.CrossRef

48.

Zhao, S.S. 1997. Chinese intellectuals’ quest for national greatness and nationalistic writing in the 1990s. The China Quarterly 152: 725–745.CrossRef

49.

Zhao, S.S. 2014. Construction of Chinese nationalism in the early 21st century: Domestic sources and international implications. London: Routledge.CrossRef

50.

Zhi Hu Yong Hu Shu Ju Fen Xi Bao Gao (Zhihu user data analysis report). 2020. Zhihu column. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/79521617. Accessed May 2, 2020.

51.

Zhou, J. 2020. Ministry: “Enemy is the virus not China”. China Daily. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/21/WS5e9e3611a3105d50a3d178b5.html. Accessed April 24, 2020.

Titel: RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Discourse Analysis of Quotidian Expressions of Nationalism during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese Cyberspace
verfasst von: Xiaoyu Zhao
Publikationsdatum: 08.09.2020
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Journal of Chinese Political Science / Ausgabe 2/2021
Print ISSN: 1080-6954
Elektronische ISSN: 1874-6357
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09692-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2021

Decoding Xieshang Minzhu in Chinese Politics: Chinese vs. Western Conceptions of Deliberative Democracy

Olayiwola Abegunrin and Charity Manyeruke, China’s Power in Africa: A New Global Order

The Politics of Blaming: the Narrative Battle between China and the US over COVID-19

Honghua Men, China’s Grand Strategy: A Framework Analysis

Ashley Esarey, Mary Alice Haddad, Joanna I. Lewis, and Stevan Harrell, eds., Greening East Asia: the Rise of the Eco-developmental State

Budget Structure Discontinuity: Unveiling Mechanism and Connecting Logic in China’s Context

Premium Partner