1 Introduction
Name | Abbreviation | Unit | Levels considereda
| Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative energy demand | CED | MJ | B+C+D | |
Solar energy demand | SED | MJse-eq | A+B+C+D | Rugani et al. (2011) |
Cumulative exergy demand | CExD | MJex-eq | B+C+D | Bösch et al. (2007) |
Cumulative exergy extraction from the natural environment | CEENE | MJex-eq | B+C+D | Dewulf et al. (2007) |
Abiotic resource depletion potential | ADP | kgsb-eq | B+C+D | Guinée et al. (2002) |
Environmental priorities strategies | EPS | MJ-eq | B+C+D | |
Eco-indicator 99 | EI99 | ELU | B+C+D |
2 Methodology
2.1 System boundary
2.2 Choice of impact and indicators
2.2.1 General remarks
2.2.2 Energy and energy-based indicators
2.2.3 Exergy and exergy-based indicators
2.2.4 Other methods and indicators
Resource groupa
| Typeb
| CED | SED | CExD | CEENE | ADP | EI99 | EPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atmospheric | n.d. | × | × | |||||
Fossil | NRR | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
Land | n.d. | × | × | |||||
Metal ores | NRR | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
Minerals | NRR | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
Nuclear | NRR | × | × | × | × | × | ||
Renewable energy | RR | × | × c
| × | ×d
| |||
Waterc
| RR | × | × | × | × |
3 Case study
3.1 Case description
3.2 Data source and software
No. | Input | Type | Unit | Chloride route | Sulfate route |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | V–Ti magnetite ore | Resource | kg | 5.071 | 5.576 |
2 | Steel ball | Product | kg | 0.001 | 0.002 |
3 | Anthracite | Product | MJ | 10.076 | – |
4 | Coke | Product | kg | 0.693 | – |
5 | Liquid chlorine | Product | kg | 0.25 | – |
6 | Iron powder | Product | kg | – | 0.09 |
7 | Aluminum powder | Product | kg | 0.006 | – |
8 | Oxygen | Resource | kg | 0.643 | – |
9 | Liquid caustic soda (30 %) | Product | kg | 0.3 | 0.35 |
10 | Sulfuric acid (98 %) | Product | kg | – | 4.05 |
11 | Saturated steam (1.3 MPa) | Product | kg | 5.5 | 8 |
12 | Coal | Resource | kg | – | 2 |
13 | Petrol | Product | kg | 0.017 | 0.018 |
14 | Diesel | Product | kg | 0.011 | 0.111 |
15 | Process watera
| Resource | kg | 53.758 | 101.787 |
16 | Electricity | Product | kWh | 2.85 | 1.578 |
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Resource scores
Route | CED (MJ) | SED (MJse-eq) | CExD (MJex-eq) | CEENE (MJex-eq) | ADP (kgSb-eq) | EPS (ELU) | EI99 (MJ-eq) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chloride route | 106 | 7.91E+07 | 129 | 123 | 0.0536 | 1.50 | 8.66 |
Sulfate route | 117 | 6.63E+07 | 151 | 143 | 0.0735 | 2.32 | 10.6 |
4.2 Resource contributions
4.3 Sensitivity analysis of CED
Route | CEDfossil (MJ) | CEDnuclear (MJ) | CEDNRR (MJ) |
---|---|---|---|
Chloride route | 98.7 | 5.01 | 104 |
Sulfate route | 111 | 3.97 | 115 |