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01.12.2013 | Aufsätze

The changing global norm of anti-corruption: from bad business to bad government

verfasst von: Dr. (habil) Anja P. Jakobi

Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft | Sonderheft 1/2013

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Abstract

Fighting corruption has become an important element of good governance. International organizations, donors and non-governmental actors monitor corruption worldwide and seek government commitments in fighting it. This article traces the efforts of international anti-corruption from its beginnings as an American legal standard for businesses to the current worldwide norm of anti-corruption as part of good governance. It analyses how the fight against corruption evolved over time, with respect to the crucial activities involved in establishing anti-corruption policies, but also with respect to how the policy itself has changed. The central argument made is that fighting corruption has developed to a global norm over time, initiated by strong state actors and disseminated with the help of non-state actors and international organizations. The idea of fighting corruption, however, changed over time from a more narrow focus on business regulation to a broader agenda related to governance. The article shows this change by analysing norm entrepreneurship, diffusion and implementation of global anti-corruption efforts.

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This article builds on a major research project on global crime governance (see Jakobi 2013, 2010).

For instance, the 1970s Lockheed case had political implications, while the recent, major case of corruption by Siemens was restricted to the business sector. I thank an anonymous reviewer for drawing my attention to this comparison.

The counter-arguments were mixed; developing countries feared being subjected to conditions that they cannot fulfill, while some developed countries were concerned that the monitoring efforts of other international organizations were being duplicated (Heineman and Heimann 2006).

These are: Barbados, Bhutan, Chad, North Korea, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Kiribati, Oman, Samoa, San Marino, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tonga, Tuvalu and Holy See.

No country has ratified all five treaties – an expected pattern given that some of these treaties are part of international organizations with restricted membership.

The same applies to Cuba, which, however, has only limited OAS membership status since 1962.

All ratification data refers to July 2013, information obtained from websites of the respective treaty offices. Details available from author.

All results are published and accessible online at http://www.transparency.de/Korruptionsindizes.1015.0.html.

One of the very few international activities against corruption was a 1981 Council of Europe recommendation on economic crime that also mentioned corruption, although restricted to its economic impact, namely as ‘unfair competition (including bribery of an employee of a competing company)’ (Council of Europe 1981).

Also in social science, discussions on corruption have increasingly become broader, now also being discussed in its implications for national security, terrorism or other threats (Rotberg 2009), compared to a narrower focus on business and development economics before.

I thank one reviewer for pointing out this change in the field.

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Titel: The changing global norm of anti-corruption: from bad business to bad government
verfasst von: Dr. (habil) Anja P. Jakobi
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2013
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1865-2646
Elektronische ISSN: 1865-2654
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0160-y

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