Introduction
Area studied
River | Site | Cd (mg kg−1) | Cu (mg kg−1) | Pb (mg kg−1) | Zn (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bug | Krzyczew | 0.1 (<0.5) | 2 (4) | <5 (<5) | 16 (24) |
Krzna | Neple | 0.1 (<0.5) | 1 (2) | <5 (<5) | 16 (24) |
Wieprz | Dęblin | 3.0 (2.7) | 6 (7) | 7 (8) | 38 (48) |
Bug | Kryłów | 0.2 (<0.5) | 11 (8) | 9 (6) | 52 (43) |
Bystrzyca | Spiczyn | 65.5 (7.8) | 46 (36) | 63 (61) | 305 (132) |
Geochemical background | <0.5 | 7 | 15 | <48 |
Materials and methods
Number of profiles | Number of samples | |
---|---|---|
Natural profiles and Holocene soils | 5 | 60 |
Slope sediments | 11 | 176 |
Sediments of dry valleys | 6 | 71 |
Sediments of river valleys (within agricultural areas) | 6 | 122 |
Sediments of river valleys (within urban and industrial areas) | 13 | 194 |
Archaeological sites | 10 | 100 |
Loess samples | – | 15 |
Other samples | – | 15 |
Total | 51 | 753 |
Element | Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Certified content (mg kg−1) | 0.38 ± 0.11 | 34.6 ± 0.7 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 106.0 ± 3.0 |
Measured content (mg kg−1) | 0.32 ± 0.12 | 27.8 ± 0.9 | 17.3 ± 0.7 | 86.1 ± 4.0 |
Results
Content of fraction (%)1
| pH2
| Organic matter content (%)3
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy | Silty | Clay | |||
Mean (mg kg−1) | 37.7 | 53.2 | 9.1 | – | 3.3 |
Median (mg kg−1) | 30.0 | 61.0 | 9.0 | 6.1 | 1.9 |
Standard deviation (mg kg−1) | 22.7 | 19.5 | 4.3 | – | 3.8 |
1st quartile (25%) | 22 | 45.2 | 6 | 5.0 | 1.0 |
3rd quartile (75%) | 46 | 67.0 | 12 | 7.1 | 4.0 |
Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Loess samples | ||||
Mean (mg kg−1) | 0.5 | 5.6 | 12.3 | 34.9 |
Median (mg kg−1) | 0.5 | 5.5 | 12.2 | 34.6 |
Standard deviation (mg kg−1) | 0.3 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 5.3 |
Highest value (mg kg−1) | 0.8 | 9.1 | 22.5 | 37.6 |
Lowest value (mg kg−1) | 0.0 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 17.9 |
All samples | ||||
Mean (mg kg−1) | 0.75 | 23.4 | 20.3 | 32.9 |
Median (mg kg−1) | 0.53 | 7.0 | 16.3 | 32.0 |
Standard deviation (mg kg−1) | 1.07 | 106.6 | 20.6 | 14.6 |
Highest value (mg kg−1) | 10.3 | 1,073.0 | 223.0 | 79.7 |
Data after other authors | Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Geochemical background for water sediments in Polanda
| <0.5 | 6 | 10 | 48 |
Natural content in river sedimentsb
| 1 | 20 | 50 | 73 |
Content in surface levels of European soils (median)c
| 0.14 | 13.0 | 22.6 | 52 |
Content in water sediments of Europe (median)c
| 0.3 | 16 | 16 | 56 |
Geochemical background | ||||
For loessd
| 0.0 | 4.6 | 6.8 | 17.8 |
Multiple 2σ techniqued
| 0.1 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 19.6 |
Geometric meand
| 0.1 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 22.5 |
Geochemical background for loess soilse
| 0.23 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 22.0 |
Results of the study | ||||
Mean content in loessf (A) | 0.5 | 5 | 12 | 34 |
Mean content in natural profiles (B) | 0.5 | 3 | 18 | 31 |
Multiple 2σ techniqueg (C) | 0.9 | 11 | 26 | 47 |
Distribution function methodg (D) | 0.8 | 16 | 21 | 31 |
Mean (results of the study) |
0.7
|
9
|
19
|
35
|
Discussion
Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn | Sum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A
| 28 | 44 | 36 | 2 | 110 |
B
| 28 | 66 | 5 | 11 | 110 |
C
| 28 | 22 | 36 | 34 | 120 |
D
| 14 | 77 | 10 | 11 | 115 |
Sum | 98 | 209 | 87 | 58 |